Alamomin Gargadin Motar 'Yan Sanda—Sabuwar Hanya Ga Tsaron Jami'an
Siginonin Gargadin Motar 'Yan Sanda—Sabuwar Hanya Ga Tsaron Jami'in
An yi ta tattaunawa da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan game da inganta amincin motocin 'yan sanda, duka yayin aiki da kuma lokacin tsayawa ko yin aiki, da rage haɗarin rauni da lalacewar dukiya.Matsaloli galibi ana mayar da hankali ne kan waɗannan tattaunawa, waɗanda wasu ke ɗauka a matsayin wuraren haɗari na farko ga motocin tilasta bin doka (kuma, haƙiƙa, wurare masu haɗari ga yawancin ababan hawa).Labari mai dadi shine ana ɗaukar matakai don rage waɗannan haɗarin.A matakin gudanarwa, akwai wasu tsare-tsare da hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da su.Misali, manufar da kawai ke buƙatar motocin gaggawa suna tsayawa gabaɗaya a jajayen fitilun yayin amsawa kuma ana ci gaba kawai da zarar jami'in ya sami tabbacin gani cewa tsakar ya bayyana yana iya rage hadarurruka a mahadar.Wasu manufofi na iya buƙatar sautin murya a kowane lokaci abin hawa yana motsi tare da fitilun faɗakarwa don faɗakar da wasu motocin don yin hanya.A gefen masana'antar tsarin faɗakarwa, ana haɓaka fasahar LED cikin saurin da ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba, daga masana'antar diode don ƙirƙirar sassa masu inganci da haske, zuwa masana'antun hasken faɗakarwa waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar fitattun ƙira da ƙirar gani.Sakamakon shine sifofi mai haske, tsari, da ƙarfin masana'antar ba ta taɓa gani ba.Masu kera motocin ƴan sanda da masu ɗagawa suma suna cikin ƙoƙarin aminci, tare da sanya fitulun faɗakarwa cikin mahimman wurare akan motar.Duk da yake akwai ƙarin ɗaki don ingantawa da gaske don sa abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin gwiwa su ɓace gaba ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa fasaha na yanzu da hanyoyin suna ba da hanyoyin yin tsaka-tsaki cikin aminci ga motocin 'yan sanda da sauran motocin da suke ci karo da su akan hanya.
A cewar Laftanar Joseph Phelps na Dutsen Rocky, Connecticut, Sashen 'yan sanda (RHPD) a lokacin aikin sa'o'i takwas na yau da kullun, lokacin da aka kashe don amsa abubuwan gaggawa da wucewa ta tsaka-tsaki tare da fitilun da siren aiki na iya zama kaɗan ne kawai na jimlar lokacin motsi. .Misali, ya kiyasta cewa yana ɗaukar kusan daƙiƙa biyar daga lokacin da direba ya shiga yankin haɗari na mahadar zuwa lokacin da yake ko ita.A cikin Dutsen Rocky, yanki mai faɗin murabba'in mil 14 na Hartford, Connecticut, akwai kusan manyan tituna guda biyar a cikin gundumar sintiri.Wannan yana nufin jami'in 'yan sanda zai sami motarsa ko ta a cikin yankin haɗari na jimlar kusan daƙiƙa 25 akan matsakaicin kira-kasa idan hanyar amsa ba ta buƙatar shiga cikin su duka.Motar sintiri a cikin wannan al'umma gabaɗaya tana amsa kiran gaggawa biyu ko uku ("zafi") a kowane lokaci.Ƙirƙirar waɗannan alkaluman yana ba RHPD kusan tsawon lokacin da kowane jami'i ke kashewa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki yayin kowane motsi.A wannan yanayin, yana da kusan minti 1, da daƙiƙa 15 a kowane motsi-wato, a cikin kashi biyu cikin goma na kashi ɗaya na motsi motar sintiri tana cikin wannan yankin haɗari.1
Hatsarin Yanayin Hatsari
Akwai wani yankin haɗari, duk da haka, yana samun kulawa.Lokaci ya yi da abin hawa ke tsayawa a cikin zirga-zirga tare da fitilun faɗakarwa suna aiki.Hatsari da kasada a wannan yanki sun bayyana suna girma, musamman da daddare.Alal misali, Hoton 1 an ɗauke shi daga hotunan bidiyo na kyamarar babbar hanya daga Indiana, a ranar Fabrairu 5, 2017. Hoton ya nuna wani abin da ya faru a kan I-65 a Indianapolis wanda ya hada da motar sabis a kan kafada, kayan aikin ceto na wuta a cikin layi 3, da kuma motar ‘yan sanda ta toshe hanya 2. Ba tare da sanin mene ne lamarin ba, motocin gaggawar sun yi ta toshe hanyoyin mota, tare da kiyaye wurin da abin ya faru.Fitilar gaggawa duk suna aiki, gargaɗin da ke gabatowa masu ababen hawa game da haɗari-watakila babu wani ƙarin hanya da za a iya sanyawa wanda zai iya rage haɗarin karo.Duk da haka, bayan daƙiƙa guda, direban nakasa ya buge motar ƴan sanda (Hoto na 2).
Hoto 1
Hoto 2
Yayin da hatsarin da ke cikin hoto na 2 ya samo asali ne na lalacewar tuki, zai iya kasancewa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tuki mai karkatar da hankali, yanayin girma a wannan zamani na wayoyin hannu da saƙonnin rubutu.Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan haɗarin, ko da yake, shin fasahar faɗakarwa da ke ci gaba za ta iya haifar da haɓakar karo na ƙarshe da motocin 'yan sanda a cikin dare?A tarihi, imani ya kasance cewa ƙarin fitilu, dazzle, da ƙarfi sun haifar da ingantacciyar siginar faɗakarwa na gani, wanda zai rage abubuwan da suka faru na karo na ƙarshe.
Don komawa Rocky Hill, Connecticut, matsakaicin tsayawar zirga-zirga a cikin wannan al'umma yana ɗaukar mintuna 16, kuma jami'in na iya gudanar da tasha huɗu ko biyar yayin matsakaicin matsakaita.Lokacin da aka ƙara zuwa mintuna 37 da jami'in RHPD ke ciyarwa a wuraren haɗari a kowane lokaci, wannan lokacin a gefen hanya ko a cikin yankin haɗari na hanya yana zuwa sa'o'i biyu ko kashi 24 na jimlar sa'o'i takwas-fiye da lokacin da jami'an ke kashewa a tsaka-tsaki. .2 Wannan adadin lokacin baya la'akari da gine-gine da cikakkun bayanai masu alaƙa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da tsawon lokaci mai tsawo a cikin wannan yanki na haɗarin abin hawa na biyu.Duk da maganganun da ake yi game da mahaɗa, tsayawar ababen hawa da wuraren haɗari na iya haifar da haɗari mafi girma.
Nazarin Harka: 'Yan sandan Jihar Massachusetts
A lokacin rani na 2010, 'Yan sandan Jihar Massachusetts (MSP) sun sami jimillar munanan karo na ƙarshe takwas da suka haɗa da motocin 'yan sanda.Daya ya mutu, ya kashe MSP Sajan Doug Weddleton.Sakamakon haka, MSP ta fara bincike don gano abin da ka iya haifar da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula na baya-bayan nan tare da motocin sintiri da ke tsayawa a tsakanin jihohin.Sajan Mark Caron da mai kula da jiragen ruwa na yanzu, Sajan Karl Brenner ne suka haɗa tawaga wanda ya haɗa da ma'aikatan MSP, farar hula, wakilan masana'anta, da injiniyoyi.Tawagar ta yi aiki tukuru domin gano illar fitilun gargadi ga masu ababen hawa da ke gabatowa, da kuma illar karin kaset din da aka makala a bayan motocin.Sun yi la'akari da binciken da aka yi a baya wanda ya nuna cewa mutane suna kallon fitilu masu haske wanda ya nuna nakasassun direbobi suna tuki a inda suke kallo.Baya ga duban bincike, sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen aiki, wanda ya faru a wani filin jirgin da ke rufe a Massachusetts.An nemi batutuwan da su yi tafiya a kan babbar hanya kuma su tunkari motar ’yan sandan gwajin da aka ja zuwa gefen “hanyar.”Don cikakken fahimtar tasirin siginonin gargaɗi, gwaji ya haɗa da hasken rana da yanayin dare.Ga mafi yawan direbobin da abin ya shafa, ƙarfin fitilun faɗakarwa da daddare ya zama kamar ya fi ɗaukar hankali.Hoto na 3 yana nuna a sarari ƙalubalen ƙalubalen ƙalubalen hasken faɗakarwa mai haske na iya nunawa ga direbobin da ke gabatowa.
Wasu batutuwa sai da suka kau da kai yayin da suke tunkarar motar, yayin da wasu ba za su iya ɗauke idanunsu daga hasken shuɗi, ja, da amber ba.Nan da nan aka gane cewa ƙarfin hasken faɗakarwa da walƙiya wanda ya dace lokacin da ake amsawa ta hanyar tsakar rana ba daidai ba ne daidai da ƙimar walƙiya da ƙarfin da ya dace yayin da motar 'yan sanda ke tsayawa akan babbar hanya da dare."Suna buƙatar zama daban-daban, kuma musamman ga yanayin," in ji Sgt.Brenner.3
Hukumar jiragen ruwa ta MSP ta gwada nau'ikan filasha daban-daban daga sauri, dazzles masu haske zuwa hankali, ƙarin tsarin aiki tare a ƙananan ƙarfi.Sun yi nisa har su cire abin walƙiya gaba ɗaya tare da kimanta tsayayyen launukan haske waɗanda ba sa walƙiya.Wani muhimmin abin damuwa shi ne kar a rage hasken har ya zuwa yanzu ba a iya ganinsa cikin sauƙi ko kuma ƙara lokacin da ake ɗaukan masu ababen hawa don gano motar da ake magana da ita.A ƙarshe sun daidaita akan tsarin walƙiya na dare wanda ya kasance gauraya tsakanin tsayayyen haske da shuɗin haske mai walƙiya.Batutuwan gwajin sun yarda cewa sun sami damar bambance wannan ƙirar walƙiya mai haɗaɗɗiyar kamar sauri kuma daga nisa ɗaya da sauri, ƙirar haske mai aiki, amma ba tare da karkatar da fitilu masu haske suka haifar da dare ba.Wannan shine sigar MSP da ake buƙata don aiwatarwa don tsayawar motar 'yan sanda da daddare.Koyaya, ƙalubale na gaba ya zama yadda za a cimma hakan ba tare da buƙatar shigar da direba ba.Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda dole a tura wani maɓalli na daban ko kunna wani canji daban dangane da lokacin rana kuma yanayin da ke hannun zai iya kawar da hankalin jami'in daga mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da ke cikin martanin hadarin ko tsayawar ababen hawa.
MSP ya haɗu tare da mai ba da haske na gaggawa don haɓaka hanyoyin hasken faɗakarwa na farko guda uku waɗanda aka haɗa cikin tsarin MSP don ƙarin gwaji mai amfani.Duk sabon yanayin mayar da martani yana amfani da saurin musanya hagu zuwa dama na shuɗi da farar walƙiya a cikin yanayin da ba a daidaita su cikin cikakken ƙarfi.An tsara yanayin amsawa don kunna kowane lokacin da fitilun faɗakarwa ke aiki kuma abin hawa ya fita daga “parking.”Manufar anan ita ce ƙirƙirar ƙarfin ƙarfi, aiki, da motsi mai walƙiya gwargwadon yuwuwar abin hawa yana kira ga haƙƙin hanya akan hanyarta zuwa wani lamari.Yanayin aiki na biyu shine yanayin wurin shakatawa na rana.A cikin yini, lokacin da aka canza abin hawa zuwa wurin shakatawa, yayin da fitilun faɗakarwa ke aiki, yanayin amsawa nan da nan ya canza zuwa fashewar filasha gaba ɗaya a cikin nau'in filasha na ciki/ waje.An soke duk farar fitilun masu walƙiya, da kuma na baya nafitilayana nuna madaidaicin walƙiya na haske ja da shuɗi.
An ƙirƙiri canji daga walƙiya mai canzawa zuwa nau'in filasha na ciki/fita don zayyana a sarari gefuna abin hawa da ƙirƙirar babban "toshe" na haske mai walƙiya.Daga nesa, musamman a lokacin yanayi mara kyau, ƙirar filasha ta ciki/fita tana yin aiki mafi kyau wajen nuna matsayin abin hawa a kan titin zuwa ga masu ababen hawa, fiye da canza yanayin hasken wuta.4
Yanayin gargaɗi na uku yana aiki don MSP yanayin wurin shakatawa ne na dare.Tare da fitilun faɗakarwa suna aiki da motar da aka sanya a wurin shakatawa yayin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙarancin yanayin hasken yanayi, ana nuna alamar walƙiya na dare.Adadin walƙiya na duk ƙananan fitilun faɗakarwa yana raguwa zuwa filasha 60 a cikin minti ɗaya, kuma ƙarfinsu yana raguwa sosai.ThefitilaCanje-canje masu walƙiya zuwa sabon ƙirar matasan, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Steady-Flash," yana fitar da ƙaramin haske mai shuɗi tare da flicker kowane 2 zuwa 3.A baya nafitila, Fitilar shuɗi da ja daga yanayin wurin shakatawa na rana ana canza su zuwa shuɗi da filasha amber don dare."A ƙarshe muna da hanyar tsarin gargadi wanda ke ɗaukar motocinmu zuwa wani sabon matakin aminci," in ji Sgt.Brenner.Tun daga Afrilu 2018, MSP yana da motoci sama da 1,000 akan hanya sanye take da tsarin hasken faɗakarwa na yanayi.A cewar Sgt.Brenner, abubuwan da suka faru na karo na baya-bayan nan ga motocin 'yan sanda da aka faka sun ragu matuka.5
Haɓaka Hasken Gargaɗi don Tsaron Jami'in
Fasahar hasken faɗakarwa ba ta daina ci gaba ba da zarar an shigar da tsarin MSP.Ana amfani da siginonin abin hawa (misali, kayan aiki, ayyukan direba, motsi) don warware ƙalubalen hasken faɗakarwa da yawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin amincin jami'in.Misali, akwai damar yin amfani da siginar ƙofar direba don soke hasken da ke fitowa daga gefen direban.fitilalokacin da kofar ta bude.Wannan yana sa shiga da fita abin hawa ya fi sauƙi kuma yana rage tasirin makanta na dare ga jami'in.Bugu da kari, idan jami'in ya fake a bayan kofar da aka bude, damuwa ga jami'in saboda tsananin hasken wuta, da kuma hasken da ke ba mutum damar ganin jami'in a yanzu babu shi.Wani misali shine amfani da siginar birki na abin hawa don gyara ta bayafitilafitilu yayin amsawa.Jami'an da suka shiga cikin amsawar motoci da yawa sun san yadda yake kama da bin mota tare da fitillu masu walƙiya kuma ba za su iya ganin fitilun birki ba a sakamakon.A cikin wannan ƙirar fitilun faɗakarwa, lokacin da aka danna fedar birki, fitilu biyu a bayanfitilacanza zuwa ja mai tsayayye, yana haɓaka fitilun birki.Sauran fitilun faɗakarwa na baya suna iya raguwa lokaci guda ko soke su gaba ɗaya don ƙara haɓaka siginar birki na gani.
Ci gaban, ko da yake, ba ya rasa nasu ƙalubale.Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙalubalen shine matakan masana'antu sun kasa ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha.A cikin hasken faɗakarwa da fage na siren, akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar ka'idodin aiki: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE);Ka'idodin Tsaron Motoci na Tarayya (FMVSS);Ƙayyadaddun Tarayya don Tauraron Jirgin Ruwa na Rayuwa (KKK-A-1822);da Hukumar Kare Wuta ta Kasa (NFPA).Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi yana da nasa buƙatun kamar yadda suka shafi tsarin faɗakarwa kan amsa motocin gaggawa.Duk suna da buƙatu waɗanda aka mai da hankali wajen saduwa da ƙaramin matakin fitarwa na haske don walƙiya fitilun gaggawa, wanda shine maɓalli lokacin da aka fara haɓaka ƙa'idodi.Ya kasance mafi wahala don isa matakan ƙarfin haske masu inganci tare da halogen da tushen filasha na strobe.Koyaya, yanzu, ƙaramin inch 5 na hasken wuta daga kowane masana'antun hasken faɗakarwa na iya fitar da irin wannan ƙarfin kamar yadda duk abin hawa zai iya yi shekaru da suka gabata.Lokacin da aka sanya 10 ko 20 daga cikinsu akan motar gaggawa da aka faka da daddare a kan titin, fitilun na iya haifar da yanayin da ba shi da aminci fiye da yanayin da ya dace da tsofaffin hanyoyin hasken wuta, duk da bin ka'idodin haske.Wannan saboda ma'aunai suna buƙatar ƙaramin matakin ƙarfi kawai.A lokacin rana mai haske, fitilu masu haske suna iya dacewa, amma da dare, tare da ƙananan matakan haske na yanayi, ƙirar haske iri ɗaya da ƙarfin bazai zama mafi kyau ko mafi aminci ba.A halin yanzu, babu ɗayan buƙatun ƙarfin hasken faɗakarwa daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗaukar hasken yanayi, amma ƙa'idar da ke canzawa dangane da hasken yanayi da sauran yanayi na iya ƙarshe rage waɗannan rikice-rikice na ƙarshen baya da karkatar da hankali a cikin jirgi.
Kammalawa
Mun yi nisa cikin kankanin lokaci, idan ya zo ga lafiyar abin hawa na gaggawa.Kamar yadda Sgt.Brenner ya nuna,
Ayyukan jami'an sintiri da masu ba da amsa na farko yana da haɗari a zahiri kuma dole ne su sanya kansu cikin lahani akai-akai yayin balaguro.Wannan fasaha yana ba da damar jami'in ya mayar da hankalinsa ga barazanar ko halin da ake ciki tare da ƙarancin shigar da fitilun gaggawa.Wannan yana ba da damar fasaha ta zama wani ɓangare na mafita maimakon ƙara haɗari.6
Abin takaici, yawancin hukumomin 'yan sanda da masu kula da jiragen ruwa na iya rashin sanin cewa akwai hanyoyin da ake da su don gyara wasu haɗarin da suka rage.Sauran ƙalubalen tsarin faɗakarwa ana iya gyara su cikin sauƙi tare da fasahar zamani-yanzu da motar kanta za a iya amfani da ita don canza halayen gargaɗin gani da ji, yuwuwar ba su da iyaka.Ƙarin sassan suna haɗa tsarin faɗakarwa masu daidaitawa a cikin motocinsu, suna nuna abin da ya dace da yanayin da aka bayar ta atomatik.Sakamakon ya fi aminci motocin gaggawa da ƙananan haɗari na rauni, mutuwa, da lalacewar dukiya.
Hoto 3
Bayanan kula:
1 Joseph Phelps (laftanar, Rocky Hill, CT, Sashen 'yan sanda), hira, Janairu 25, 2018.
2 Phelps, hira.
3 Karl Brenner (Sajan, 'Yan sandan Jihar Massachusetts), hira ta wayar tarho, Janairu 30, 2018.
4 Eric Maurice (mai sarrafa tallace-tallace na ciki, Whelen Engineering Co.), hira, Janairu 31, 2018.
5 Brenner, hira.
6 Karl Brenner, imel, Janairu 2018.