Ke kuleana o nā kukui holo kaʻa kaʻa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i ke ao;He Manao No Ka Moolelo o keia Manawa
Ke kuleana oKaʻakalakalaKe holo neiNā kukuii ka Hoemi anaKuʻi Kaʻakalai ke ao;He Manawa no ka Moolelo o keia wa
Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
ʻĀpana
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano kaʻahele ʻē aʻe,holo kaʻa kaʻapili i na ulia.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa i ka hōʻeha kino ma mua o nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa.Nui nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i ulia, aia kekahi hewa i ke ala kūpono kahi ekaʻahuli i mua o ke kaʻa kaʻa, a i ʻole ke keʻa koke o ke ala o kahi kaʻa kaʻa e hele mai ana.ʻO kekahi kumu nui e alakaʻi i ka helu kiʻekiʻe oulia kaʻa kaʻaka nele o ka ike olekaʻa kaʻae nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ke kaʻa ʻana o ke ao.Hōʻike kēia pepa i nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā DRL kaʻa, e kālele ana i ka pono o nā DRL ihoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike kaʻa kaʻa.Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka hopena o DRL e ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa i ka ulia kaʻa kaʻa he nui.ʻO nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā hopena okaʻa kaʻaUa nānā ʻia nā DRL.ʻO nā palapala a pau, e kākoʻo ana i ka hana ʻana i nā kukui i ke ao, he ala koʻikoʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi ia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hui ʻana.ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka motoma ke kalaiwa.Hiki i nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa ke hōʻemi ma kahi o 4 a 20% o ka pilikia o ka ulia kaʻa.Ke paipai nei keia pepanā DRL kaʻa kaʻapono e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻāina me nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa kiʻekiʻehoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana o nā mea holoa me ko lakou poe holo lio.
Hua'ōlelo nui: Kāohi ʻeha,Nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa alanui, Ke kukui holo ʻana o ke ao, Ka palekana o ka mea holo kaʻa, ulia kaʻa
Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Hoʻolauna
ʻO nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa, akā he kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā pōʻino make ma nā ʻāina hoʻomohala a me nā ʻāina ulu [1,2].Ua hōʻike ʻo Rolison et al., [3] ʻo ka nui o ka make a me ka hōʻeha ma waena o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me kā lākou poʻe holo kaʻa ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka nui o ka make no ka mea holo kaʻa i kēlā me kēia mile i hele ʻia he 10 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kahi kaʻa kaʻa [4-7].Ma ke kue ana okaʻa kaʻa' kiʻi kaulana, he pūʻulu pilikia lākou o nā mea hoʻohana alanui.Ua hōʻike ʻo National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [8] ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 13% o ka nui o nā ulia pōpilikia i helu ʻia e ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa, kahi 4,462 kaʻa kaʻa i make a me 90,000 kaʻa kaʻa i ʻeha.ʻO ia ka helu kiʻekiʻe o nā ulia pōpilikia, ʻoiai ʻo nā kaʻa kaʻa he 3% wale nō o nā kaʻa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a he 0.4% wale nō o nā mile kaʻa a pau i hele.Ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa i nā ulia pōpilikia ma mua o 50% mai 2294 i 1998 a i 5290 i 2008. Ma Beretania, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe holo kaʻa i helu wale ʻia no 1% o ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana alanui, 15% o ka poʻe i make a koʻikoʻi paha. ʻeha i ka wā o nā ulia alanui he mau kaʻa kaʻa [9].I nā ʻāina ulu, ua like ke kūlana.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pōʻino alanui e pili ana i ka make a me nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi i waena o nā kaʻa kaʻa [1,10].Ma Iran, ua hōʻike ʻia ka helu o ka make ʻana he 5000 ka poʻe i make a he 70,000 i hōʻeha ʻia i nā pōpilikia kaʻa [11,12].Aia ʻo Malaysia ma waena o ka Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) i loaʻa ka helu kiʻekiʻe o ka make a ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 ka nui o nā make alanui i waena o nā kaʻa kaʻa [13,14].Eia kekahi, no ka mea, pili nui nā keiki, nā ʻōpio a me ka poʻe ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa, nui ka nānā ʻana i kēia ʻano ulia pōpilikia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka lakene o ke ola a me ke kumu kūʻai [15,16].
Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i hana ʻia i ka lā, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ulia ʻelua mau kaʻa ma waena o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa [17].ʻO Conspicuity ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i ka hiki o nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe ke ʻike a ʻike i ke alo o kahi kaʻa kaʻa.ʻO nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i hōʻike i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā kaʻa e nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me ke kahua ʻike paʻakikī.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa i komo i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka hui ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i nā kaʻa a me nā mea holo a i ʻole ua ʻike lōʻihi loa [7].ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hihia kahi i ʻike ʻole ai nā mea hoʻokele i kahi kaʻa kaʻa i ka manawa ulia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e kaohi ai i ka ʻike o ka mea hoʻokele, e like me ke kaʻa ʻana, ka ʻāina a i loko o ke kaʻa ponoʻī [18,19].Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ulia mua ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike kaʻa kaʻa mua a i ʻole ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao hema hema e nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe [20-23].
Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā kaʻa kaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ko lākou wikiwiki e hiki mai ana, e hāʻawi nui ana i ka nui o nā make kaʻa.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa hiki ke kumu e nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe, ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole i nā kaʻa a hiki i ka lohi loa [23-25].Kapa ʻia kēia kūlana "looked-but-failed-to-see" (LBFS) phenomenon [26-31].No ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) e hoʻopau i kēia pilikia.Hōʻike kēia pepa i nā noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa, e kālele ana i ka pono o nā DRL e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike kaʻa.
Nā mea a me nā ʻano hana
No ka loiloi i nā hopena o DRL e pili ana i nā palapala i loaʻa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻikepili i koho ʻia a me ka pūnaewele.Ua nānā ʻia nā hopena o nā DRL.ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o ka palapala i ʻike ʻia e loiloi i nā haʻawina waiwai a me nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hopena o ka moto DRL.
1. Ka hopena o ke kaʻa kaʻa DRL ma ke kaʻa kaʻa
2. Ka hopena o ka DRL kaʻa kaʻa i nā mea hopena i ka wā o nā ulia kaʻa
3. Ka hopena o nā kānāwai DRL kaʻa kaʻa i nā ulia kaʻa
1. Ka hopena o ke kaʻa kaʻa DRL maKaʻakalakalaʻIkepili
Ma muli o nā hōʻike ma o ka nui o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kahua a me nā noiʻi hoʻokolohua, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o nā kaʻa me nā DRL ma mua o nā kaʻa ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā lākou [32-34].No ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻike pili o kekahi mau kukui no ka poʻe holo kaʻa, ua hana ʻo Donne [35] i kahi hoʻokolohua kahua ma muli o ke alapine o ka ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia o ke kaʻa.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ma luna o ka manaʻo ʻaʻole ʻike nā mea hoʻokele i nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻaʻole i hoʻolako ʻia me nā kōkua ʻike.Mai ka nānā ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia ka conspicuity o ka kaʻa kaʻa mai 53.6% a i 64.4% (no ka 40w, 180 mm diameter headlamp).Ua loiloi ʻia nā kikoʻī no nā DRL, a ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻelua mau kukui, a ʻoi aku ka hopena o nā kukui ʻoi aku ma mua o 180 mm ke anawaena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kukui nui a liʻiliʻi paha [36].
Ua alakaʻi ʻo Williams lāua ʻo Hoffmann [34] i kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma ke ao a me ka pō.Ua ʻike lākou ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka wā i hoʻolako ʻia ai nā kaʻa kaʻa me nā kaola kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻole kukui.Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi ke kaʻa kaʻa DRL i ka ʻike o ka mea hoʻokele kaʻa ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kaʻa a me kona ʻano.
Ma muli o nā noiʻi hihia i hana ʻia ma Australia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai nā kulekele hoʻohana kukui, ua hana ʻo Thomson [24] i kahi noiʻi like ma New Zealand e loiloi inā e hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui i ke ao.hōʻemi i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he pono e hoʻoikaika ʻia ke kulekele o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui i ke ao ma New Zealand, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono i ka poʻe kaʻa ke hoʻā i nā kukui i ke ao.Na ke kulekele e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā kaʻa kaʻa a hoʻemi i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā modulators headlight ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā manawa ʻike o nā poʻe i komo i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokele honua maoli [37].Ua hōʻike ʻia ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻike o nā kaʻa kaʻa e nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa i ka wā i hoʻā ʻia ai ko lākou mau kukui kukui haʻahaʻa i ke ao.I ka pio ʻana o ke kukui, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paio me ka mea hoʻokele kaʻa kaʻa i ʻike ʻia e nā kaʻa a me nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa ʻē aʻe i ka wā i hoʻā ʻia ai ke kukui.Ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻike maopopo ʻia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kukui kukui haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kukui i ke ao a me ka pō ua hōʻike nui ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻike o nā kaʻa.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua DRL i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ke ala maikaʻi loa ma United Kingdom e hoʻonui i ka conspicuity no nā kaʻa.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau o ke kukui i hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻa, kahi ʻaʻahu fluorescent a me kahi kukui holo hoʻokahi i ʻike pū ʻia e kōkua i ka ʻike o kahi.kaʻa kaʻa.Eia kekahi, ua aʻo ʻo Brendicke et al., [38] i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui holo ʻana o ke ao no nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa.Ua ʻike lākou aia ka hoʻomaikaʻi iki ʻana i ka ʻike i ka wā i hoʻohana ai nā kaʻa kaʻa i DRL.
ʻO kahi noiʻi a Jenness et al., [39] pili i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā loiloi o nā mea komo i ka manawa i ʻike ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka huli hema ma ke ala o nā kaʻa e komo mai ana a nānā i ka "manawa palekana hope" e hoʻomaka ai e huli i mua o kahi kaʻa kaʻa e hiki mai ana me kekahikukui i muanā lāʻau lapaʻau.Ma kahi hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka manaʻo o nā mea pane i ʻelua mau hana ʻike ʻokoʻa ma waho o ke kaʻa.Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hiki ʻana o nā palena palekana pōkole i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kukui kukui.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hōʻike ka hopena i kahi ala maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi e hōʻemi i nā pōʻino "huli hema ma ke ala" ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kukui i mua o nā kaʻa kaʻa i ke ao.
I loko o ke kūlana hoʻohālikelike kiʻekiʻe, ua loiloi ʻo Smither lāua ʻo Torrez [23] i ka hopena o ke kāne, ka makahiki, nā DRL kaʻa a me nā kūlana kukui uila i ka hiki o ke kanaka ke ʻike i kahi kaʻa.Ua hopena kēia haʻawina i ka loiloi okaʻa kaʻaʻO nā kūlana conspicuity, a me ka nānā hou ʻana i ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka manawa pane no nā kaʻa kaʻa i lako DRL a me nā mea ʻole DRL.Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina he maikaʻi nā DRL, a hāʻawi pū i nā hōʻike maoli e kākoʻo i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa, he mea nui ia e ʻike ʻia ke kaʻa mai nā wahi a puni.Ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi kaʻa kaʻa me DRL, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻike ʻana iā ia e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻole DRL.
2. Ka hopena o ke kaʻa kaʻa DRL ma nā hopena i ka wāPoino Kaakalakala
Ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa ma Victoria, Australia, ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano ulia like ʻole [40].Ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻike o nā kaʻa kaʻa hiki ke hōʻemi i nā ulia kaʻa.Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili i nā kaʻa kaʻa DRL i nā ulia kaʻa ma waena o 1976-77 [18].I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka laʻana hōʻike, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka 50% o ka nui o ka pōʻino i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ke kukui, e hōʻike ana i ke kōkua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui.Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke komo ʻana o ka pōʻino i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā kukui poʻo i ke ao.Eia naʻe, ua emi iki ka ratio odd i wānana ʻia no ka lōʻihi o 1976 a 1981;ka hopena o ka emi ʻana ma kahi o 5% inkaʻa lehulehunā kuʻi i ke ao.Ma 1981, ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o ʻelima mau ulia kaʻa koʻikoʻi i pale ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka wā i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia ai ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui i ke ao.Aia ma waena o 4.2 a 5.6% ka emi ʻana o ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ana ke kukui o ke ao.
Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
ʻO ka loiloi o nā palapala ʻike kaʻa i hāʻawi ʻia e New South Wales (NSW), ua alakaʻi ʻia nā mākaʻi o Australia e Vaughan et al., [41].No ka noiʻi ʻana, ua nānā ʻia kēlā me kēia kaʻa kaʻa ma ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui.Ma waena o nā kaʻa kaʻa 1104 i ana ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Chi-square, aia kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui poʻo a me 402 mau kaʻa i pili i nā ulia.Malia paha ʻo ka poʻe i ʻike palekana e hoʻāla i ko lākou mau kukui i ka lā ma mua o ka poʻe ʻaʻole.Ma waena o ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa o ka hui i koho ʻole ʻia, aia kekahi mau kaʻa kaʻa i komo i nā ulia.ʻO ka pilikia pili e pili ana i ka hāʻule ʻana ma kahi o ʻekolu manawa ke kiʻekiʻe i ka wā ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui uila i ke ao he mea koʻikoʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi ia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hui ʻana ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻike o ke kaʻa kaʻa i ke kaʻa.
3. Ka hopena o nā kānāwai DRL ma luna o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa
ʻO Allen [42], nāna i nānā i nā pōpilikia no kahi hui kaʻa kaʻa, ʻo ia kekahi o ka mea mua i hana i ka noiʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka pono o DRL.Ua hōʻike ʻia kāna ʻike ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā DRL i koi ʻia e 40% ka nui o ka hāʻule ʻana i kēlā me kēia miliona mile ma ke ʻano o ke ao i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana.Ua nānā ʻia nā hopena o nā kānāwai kukui o ke ao ma kekahi mau wahi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa [43].Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma waena o 1975 a 1983, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kānāwai e hoʻololi i nā kukui uila a me nā kukui hope i nā manawa āpau ma 14 mau mokuʻāina.Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai i ka makahiki 1967 i ka wā i piʻi nui ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa, a ua kōkua pū kekahi i ka nui o nā ulia e pili ana i nā kaʻa.ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ke kānāwai ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hōʻike o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui poʻo a me nā huelo i ke ao e hoʻomaikaʻi ai.kaʻa kaʻaconspicuity pela e hoemi ai i ka ulia pōpilikia.ʻO Zador [43] no nā mokuʻāina me nā kānāwai i hoʻokō ʻia, ua ʻike pū kekahi i ka emi nui o ka lakene o nā pōʻino o ke ao a me nā pō.Ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka nānā ʻana he 13% ka emi ʻana o ka pākēneka o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i ke ao no nā mokuʻāina me nā kānāwai i hoʻokō ʻia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mokuʻāina ʻaʻole.I loko o ke aʻo ʻana, aia ma kahi o 30 mau mokuʻāina ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā kānāwai o nā kukui uila o ke ao.Inā hoʻokō kēia mau mokuʻāina i nā kānāwai, ua manaʻo ʻia he 140 mau mea makekaʻa kaʻahiki ke pale ʻia nā hui ʻana.
Ua mālama ʻia nā loiloi crash ma India, Montana, Oregon, a me Wisconsin e loiloi i ka pono o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā DRL kaʻa ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai [33].Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻo Janoff et al., [33] i kahi hoʻonohonoho paʻa o ka ʻikepili a ʻae i ka hoʻololi makahiki maʻamau o ke ao a me ka pō pō mai ka lōʻihi o ka noiʻi (ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana) aia wale nō ma waena o 6 a 12 mau mahina. .Ma muli o ka ʻike i hui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pōʻino o ke ao i ka pō ma Oregon, Wisconsin a me Indiana.I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā pōʻino o ke ao ma Montana.No laila, ʻo Janoff et al.Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike kaʻa kaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻanā kukuie like me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka hui ʻana.
Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ke kānāwai "hard-wiring" Austrian 1982 i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa i ke ao [44].Ua hōʻike ʻo Bijleved [44] i kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o DRL e nā kaʻa kaʻa i ka European Union, kahi i kālele nui ʻia ma Austria i ka wā i hoʻokō hou ʻia ai ke kānāwai ma 1982. Ma kahi noiʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma North Carolina, ua ʻike ʻo Waller a me Griffin [45] ua hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa he nui i ke ao ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ke kānāwai kukui uila.Ua loiloi ʻia ka hopena o ke kānāwai ma North Carolina ma ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻikepili ulia pōpilikia no ʻeono makahiki ka lōʻihi mai 1972 a 1976. Ma Kepakemapa 1, 1973, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kānāwai, i ka manawa i emi ai ka hana kaʻa kaʻa ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i kona kiʻekiʻe i nā mahina kauwela. .Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pākēneka o ka hui ʻana kaʻa kaʻa me ka pākēneka like no nā ulia āpau.Ua nui ka emi ʻana o kēia mau ulia pōpilikia e pili ana i nā kaʻa kaʻa ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ke kānāwai.ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻemi like no nā ulia āpau.Ma muli o nā ʻike, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ua kōkua ke kānāwai headlamp kaʻa i ka hōʻemi maikaʻi ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa he nui i ke ao.
Ka hopena o ke kauohakukui uila hoʻohana ʻia ma Singapore mai Nowemapa 1995 i loiloi ʻia e Yuan [46].ʻAʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai nā ulia āpau.Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ulia i nā pae like ʻole o ke koʻikoʻi, aia kahi hopena koʻikoʻi no nā hihia ʻeha koʻikoʻi a me nā hihia ulia make, akā ʻaʻole no nā ulia liʻiliʻi.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka emi nui ʻana o nā pōʻino make a me nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ulia liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui o ke ao e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o nā mea hoʻohana alanui i ka wā e kokoke mai ana kahi ulia, i hiki ai iā lākou ke wāwahi lōʻihi a hoʻemi i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena. 46].Ua ʻike ʻia he hōʻike maoli ka emi ʻana o nā hoʻokūkū make, no ka mea, ua emi ka helu mai ka awelika makahiki ma kahi o 40 a i 24 wale nō ma hope o ka makahiki o ka hoʻokō kānāwai.
Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Rosman lāua ʻo Ryan ka hui ʻana o ke ao ma Western Australia ma ka ʻike kaʻa kaʻa mai 1989 a 1994.Ua hoʻomaka ka Australian Design Rule (ADR 19/01) i ka makahiki 1992, kahi e hoʻomākaukau ai nā kaʻa kaʻa hou a pau me nā kukui e hoʻā ʻakomi ʻia i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ke kaʻa.ʻEhā ʻano hāʻule ʻana i manaʻo ʻia: ke poʻo ma luna, ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma kahi ʻaoʻao, ka ʻaoʻao pololei a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ʻākau.Ua ʻike ʻia ka emi iki ʻana o nā ulia pō ma waena o nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa;akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ka helu.Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻa kaʻa hou i ka manawa noiʻi, a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui o ke ao ma waena o ka poʻe kaʻa.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili NSW mai ka Australian Road Fatality Database mai 1992 a i 1995, ua alakaʻi ʻia kahi loiloi like e Attewell [48].ʻAʻole ʻo Attewell i hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā hui like ʻole a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ua hoʻohālikelike wale i ka nui o nā hui ʻana no nā kaʻa kaʻa hoʻokahi a me nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i hōʻeha a make paha i nā poʻe holo kaʻa ma mua a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka Australian. Rula Hoʻolālā (ADR 19/01).ʻO ka emi ʻana o 2% i ka ratio o nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa no nā hui like ʻole o nā pae koʻikoʻi like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia he nui nā hopena i loaʻa i ka ADR.ʻOi aku ka hopena no nā pōʻino make;akā naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he 16 mau pōʻino make me ka mīkini post ADR.He mau makahiki i hala ka nui o nā mokuʻāina ma ʻAmelika i hoʻokō i nā kānāwai no ke kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻohana i nā kukui i ke ao.Ua hoʻokō ʻo Kaleponi i ke kānāwai e koi ana i nā kaʻa kaʻa a pau e hōʻoia i nā kukui e ʻā mau i ka wā e ʻā ai ka ʻenekini mai ka makahiki 1972. Ma 1978 wale nō ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai.Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai Kaleponi [49].Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ratio odd for fatalities no kēlā me kēia makahiki mai 1976 a 1981. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe kumu koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia, ʻo Muller [49] i loko o nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i loiloi i ke kānāwai o ka moto DRL ma Kaleponi i hoʻohiki i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā pō.Ua loaʻa ka hopena i kahi emi liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā ulia kaʻa he nui.Pono e ʻā nā kukui o nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa i ke ao ma Finland a me Suedena.Ua alakaʻi ʻo Rumar [50] i kahi noiʻi loiloi o DRL ma Suetena.Ua hōʻike ʻia kāna ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke ao e hoʻemi i ka nui o nā ulia.Aia ka emi ʻana o nā ulia kaʻa he nui i ke ao e 32% a me 4% i ka pō.Ua pili kēia haʻawina i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kānāwai ma Sweden a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o ʻelua mau haʻawina ma Malaysia e nānā mua i ka mana pōkole o nā kaʻa kaʻa DRLs, ua ʻike ʻo Radin Umar et al., [51] i kahi hāʻule nui i loko o kekahi mau ulia kaʻa.Eia kekahi, ma nā wahi hoʻokele hoʻokahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pōʻino pili i waena o nā kaʻa [51].Ua hōʻike ʻo Radin model i ka DRL kaʻa kaʻa i hoʻemi i ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa ma kahi o 29%.
Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Kūkākūkā
Kaʻa kaʻa pili i na ulia.Ma muli o ka nele o ka pale ʻana, hoʻopōʻino ʻia nā ulia kaʻa kaʻa i ka wā e kū ai ka hui.Eia hou, no ka mea he po'e 'ōpio ka nui o ka po'e pō'ino, 'o kēia mau ulia ka mea ma'amau ke kumu nui o ka make a me ka nui o ke koina pili kanaka i ka po'e i 'eha loa.ʻO ia ke kumu e hāʻawi ai ka emi haʻahaʻa o ka nui o nā pōʻino i nā pōmaikaʻi nui i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka pōʻino a me ka nohona pili kālā no ke kaiāulu.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa e pili mau ana me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kaʻa.No laila, he mea nui e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pilikia pili i ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻohuli i nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa e makaʻala i nā kaʻa kaʻa e hiki mai ana.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kukui poʻo kaʻa kaʻa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo e ʻokoʻa ia mai ke kua, ʻoiai he haʻahaʻa ka pae māmā.E hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ka manawa o ka ʻike ʻana e pili ana i nā waiwai ʻōnaehana ʻike, a e hoʻomau ʻia ma ke ʻano he kōkua ʻike hana i ka holo lōʻihi.ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo DRL kahi ʻano e uku ai i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.E hāʻawi maoli nā DRL i kahi ʻokoʻa ikaika i ʻike ʻia e kūʻē i ke kua.
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia loiloi i ka maikaʻi o nā DRL kaʻa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā ulia kaʻa.Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa i nā ʻāina ulu a me nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou hōʻoia ʻana.Hōʻike pū kēia loiloi ʻaʻole e hoʻonui wale ana nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā hopena maikaʻi i ka manawa pane o nā mea hoʻokele ʻē aʻe.No laila, ma Austria, Kelemānia, Belgium, Farani, Pokukala a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, pono ke hoʻololi i nā kukui uila i ke ao.Ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike e nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe, ua kauoha ʻia ka DRL no nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa ma kekahi mau ʻāina.ʻO kēia loiloi he hōʻuluʻulu o nā hōʻike i loaʻa i kēia manawa e hiki ke pale aku i nā kaʻa kaʻa DRL.ʻO kahi loiloi hilinaʻi e pili ana i ka pono o DRL kaʻa kaʻa e kōkua i ka noiʻi palekana alanui, e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻokō i ke kānāwai DRL a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻāina i kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā make kaʻa.Ua hoʻoholo kēia pepa e hiki i nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa ke hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka hui ʻana ma kahi o 4 a 20%.Kākoʻo ka loiloi i ka manaʻo e pono e hoʻolaha ʻia nā DRL kaʻa kaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana o kā lākou poʻe holo kaʻa.
Ka paio o ka hoihoi: ʻAʻohe i hōʻike ʻia.
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Nā hiʻohiʻona no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
wikiō no kāu kuhikuhi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Nā ʻatikala mai Bulletin ofulia pōpilikiaHāʻawi ʻia ka Trauma ma ʻaneʻi ma muli o ka Trauma Research Center o Shiraz University ofʻEpekema Lapaʻau