Ọrụ nke ọkụ na-agba ọgba tum tum n'ibelata mkpọka ọgba tum tum n'oge ụbọchị;Nlebanya nke akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a
Ọrụ nkeọgba tum tumNa-agba ọsọỌkụna IbelataMkpọka ọgba tum tumn'oge okpomọkụ;Ntụleghachi nke akwụkwọ dị ugbu a
Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Abstract
N'ịtụnyere usoro ụgbọ njem ndị ọzọ.ịnya ọgba tum tumna-enwekarị ihe mberede.Ndị na-anya ọgba tum tum na-enweta mmerụ ahụ karịa ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala.Ọtụtụ ọgba tum tum ọtụtụ ụgbọala na-ada, enwere mmebi iwu nke ụzọ na-ewere ọnọdụ nke ọzọugbo alana-atụgharị n'ihu ọgba tum tum, ma ọ bụ obe na mberede nke ụzọ ọgba tum tum na-abịa.Otu isi ihe na-eduga na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nkeọgba tum tum na-adabụ enweghị conspicuity nkeọgba tum tumsite n'aka ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ karịsịa n'oge okporo ụzọ ụbọchị.Akwụkwọ a na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ ihe gara aga na mmejuputa DRLs ọgba tum tum, na-elekwasị anya na arụmọrụ nke DRL namelite ọgba tum tum conpicuity.Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha mmetụta DRL sitere n'aka ndị ọgba tum tum na mkpọka ọgba tum tum ọtụtụ ụgbọ.The atọ edemede nke mmetụta nkeọgba tum tumA tụlere DRL.Akwụkwọ niile, na-akwado ọkụ ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ehihie na-egosi na ọ bụ ụzọ na-emetụta ma dị irè iji belata ọnụego nke nkukota site na.ime ka ọgba tum tum pụta ìhèna okporo ụzọ.Ndị ọgba tum tum DRL jisiri ike belata ihe dị ka 4 ruo 20% nke ihe egwu mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Akwụkwọ a na-akwadokwa nke ahụmoto DRLsa ga-eji zuru ụwa ọnụ, karịsịa na mba nwere nnukwu ọgba tum tum ihe mberede kakwalite nchekwa nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnyayana ndị na-agba pillion ha.
Okwu ndị dị mkpa: Mgbochi mmerụ ahụ,Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ, ọkụ na-agba ọsọ ụbọchị ehihie, Nchekwa ndị na-agba ọsọ, Mkpọka ọgba tum tum
Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Okwu mmalite
Ụgbọ ala bụ ụdị njem na-atọ ụtọ, mana ọ nwere nnukwu ihe mberede na-egbu egbu na mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe [1,2].Rolison et al., [3] kọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-egbu egbu na mmerụ ahụ n'etiti ndị ọgba tum tum na ndị na-agba pillion ha bụ nke kachasị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ.A na-eche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke onye ọgba tum tum n'otu mile ọ ga-adị ma ọ dịkarịa ala okpukpu iri karịa karịa onye njem ụgbọ ala [4-7].N'emegide nkendị ọgba tum tumFoto a ma ama, ha na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ adịghị ike.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [8] kọrọ na na United States, 13% nke ngụkọta ihe mberede okporo ụzọ bụ ndị ọgba tum tum na-agụta, nke 4,462 ọgba tum tum gụnyere ọnwụ na 90,000 ọgba tum tum merụrụ.Nke ahụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọka dị elu, ebe ọgba tum tum mejupụtara naanị 3% nke ụgbọ ala niile edebanyere aha na akaụntụ nke naanị 0.4% nke kilomita ụgbọ ala niile na-eme njem.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum na-etinye aka na ihe mberede amụbaala ihe karịrị pasenti 50 site na 2294 na 1998 ruo 5290 na 2008. Na Britain, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum bụ nanị 1% nke ngụkọta ndị na-eji okporo ụzọ, 15% nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị siri ike. merụrụ ahụ n'oge ihe mberede okporo ụzọ bụ ndị ọgba tum tum [9].Na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ọnọdụ ahụ dịkwa otú ahụ.Akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe mberede okporo ụzọ metụtara ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ dị njọ na-abụkarị n'etiti ndị ọgba tum tum [1,10].Na Iran, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ gosiri na mmadụ 5000 nwụrụ na 70,000 merụrụ ahụ n'ihe mberede ọgba tum tum [11,12].Malaysia so na Association nke Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia Mba (ASEAN) nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ọnwụ na ihe karịrị pasent 50 nke ọnwụ okporo ụzọ so na ndị ọgba tum tum [13,14].Na mgbakwunye, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike akụ na ụba na-etinye aka na mkpọka ọgba tum tum, a na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu n'ụdị ihe mberede a n'ihi oke ọnụọgụ ndụ nke furu efu na ọnụ ahịa metụtara [15,16].
A kọrọ na ihe karịrị 50% nke mkpọka ọgba tum tum mere n'ụbọchị, dabere na nyocha nke mkpọka ụgbọ ala abụọ na-egbu egbu n'etiti ụgbọ njem na ọgba tum tum [17].Ntule anya bụ okwu eji akọwa ikike nke ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ ịhụ ma mara maka ọnụnọ ọgba tum tum.Akụkọ banyere mkpọka ọgba tum tum gosiri na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ anaghị ahụ ọgba tum tum ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge nnukwu okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-ahụ anya.
Ọtụtụ ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala ndị tinyere aka n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na-ekwu na ha enweghị ike igbochi ya n'ihi na ha ahụghị ọgba tum tum na ndị na-agba ha ma ọ bụ ịhụ ha n'oge [7].Ọtụtụ ikpe ebe ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala anaghị amata ọgba tum tum n'oge ihe mberede bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na-egbochi echiche onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, dị ka na-agafe okporo ụzọ, odida obodo ma ọ bụ n'ime ụgbọ ala n'onwe ya [18,19].Ndị nchọpụta akọpụtala na ọtụtụ n'ime mkpọka ihu bụ n'ihi enweghị anya ọgba tum tum n'ihu ma ọ bụ mkpebi adịghị mma ntụgharị aka ekpe nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ [20-23].
Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
N'ịtụnyere ụgbọ ala na gwongworo, ọgba tum tum anaghị ahụ ndị na-eji okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ anya.Ọzọkwa, ọ na-esiri ha ike ịchọpụta yana ịchọpụta ọsọ ha na-abịa, bụ́ nke na-atụnye ụtụ nke ukwuu n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị ukwuu nke ọnwụ ọgba tum tum.Ọtụtụ mgbe mkpọka ọgba tum tum nwere ike kpatara ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị o yikarịrị ka ha amaghị maka ọgba tum tum ruo mgbe oge gafere [23-25].A na-akpọ ọnọdụ a "ihe a na-ele anya-mana-emezughị-ịhụ" (LBFS) [26-31].Iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọka ọgba tum tum, a tụrụ aro ka ọkụ na-agba ọsọ ụbọchị (DRL) iji belata nsogbu a.Akwụkwọ a na-akọwapụta ihe ọmụmụ gara aga na mmejuputa DRLs ọgba tum tum, na-elekwasị anya na ịdị irè nke DRL iji meziwanye ọhụụ ọgba tum tum.
Akụrụngwa na ụzọ
Iji nyochaa mmetụta DRL dabere na akwụkwọ ndị dịnụ, a na-eji ọdụ data ahọpụtara na ịntanetị.A tụlere mmetụta nke DRL.Achọpụtara akụkụ atọ bụ isi nke akwụkwọ ndị ahụ iji nyochaa uru ọmụmụ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na mmetụta nke ọgba tum tum DRL.
1. Mmetụta nke ọgba tum tum DRL on ọgba tum tum conspicuity
2. Mmetụta nke ọgba tum tum DRL na mmetụta mmetụta n'oge mberede ọgba tum tum
3. Mmetụta nke iwu ọgba tum tum DRL na mberede ọgba tum tum
1. Mmetụta nke ọgba tum tum DRL naọgba tum tumNghọta
Dabere na akụkọ sitere n'ọtụtụ ule nyocha na ụlọ nyocha, ọgba tum tum nwere DRL na-ahụ anya karịa ọgba tum tum na-enweghị ha [32-34].Iji nyochaa nkọwapụta nke ọtụtụ oriọna oriọna maka ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum, Donne [35] mere nnwale ubi dabere na ugboro ole a na-achọpụta ọgba tum tum ma mata ya.Nnwale a gbadoro ụkwụ n'echiche bụ na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-ahụghị ọgba tum tum na-enweghị ihe enyemaka ọ bụla.Site na nyocha ahụ, o gosiri na amalitere nhụta ọgba tum tum site na 53.6% ruo 64.4% (maka oriọna isi 40w, 180 mm dayameta).A tụlere nkọwapụta maka DRL, wee kwenye na oriọna abụọ, na oriọna karịa dayameta 180 mm nwere mmetụta karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oriọna ma ọ bụ obere nha [36].
Williams na Hoffmann [34] mere nnwale ụlọ nyocha na ọnọdụ ehihie na abalị.Ha chọpụtara na nleba anya zuru oke na-akawanye mma mgbe ejiri ọgba tum tum nwere oghere dị elu na nke dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgba tum tum na-enweghị ọkụ.O gosiputara na ọgba tum tum DRL kwalitere anya onye ọgba tum tum site n'ịbawanye ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọgba tum tum na nzụlite ya.
Dabere na ọmụmụ ihe emere na Australia na United States, ebe etinyerelarị iwu iji ọkụ ihu, Thomson [24] mere otu ọmụmụ ihe na New Zealand iji nyochaa ma iji ọkụ ihu n'oge ehihie ga-eme.belata mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Nsonaazụ gosiri na iwu nke iji ọkụ ihu n'oge ehihie kwesịrị ịgba ume ka a kwadoro ya na New Zealand, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum na-agbanye ọkụ ọkụ n'oge ehihie.Amụma a ga-eme ka a mata ọgba tum tum ma belata ihe mberede ọgba tum tum.
A tụlere ịdị irè nke ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ ihu site n'ịnwale oge nchọpụta nke ndị sonyere na ọnọdụ ịnya ụgbọ ala n'ezie [37].A kọwapụtara na ọmarịcha ọgba tum tum site n'aka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ na ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala mụbara mgbe agbanyere obere ọkụ ihu ha n'ehihie.Mgbe agbanyụrụ ọkụ ihu, esemokwu nwere ike na onye na-agba ọgba tum tum nwere ikike nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ nwere dị elu karịa mgbe agbanyere ọkụ ihu.Dabere na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, o doro anya na site na ịgbanye ọkụ ọkụ dị elu na nke dị ala, yana imegharị ọkụ ihu ma n'ehihie ma n'oge abalị gosipụtara mmụba nke ọma n'ichepụta ọgba tum tum.Achọpụtara iji DRL abụọ bụ ụzọ kachasị dị irè na United Kingdom iji mee ka a mata ọgba tum tum.Agbanyeghị, a na-ahụkwa ọkọlọtọ iji ọkụ ihu a na-adaba na ọgba tum tum, jaket fluorescent na otu ọkụ na-agba ọsọ na-atụnye ụtụ na nhụpụta nke a.onye na-agba ọgba tum tum.Ọzọkwa, Brendicke et al., [38] mụrụ mmetụta nke iji ọkụ na-agba ọsọ kwa ụbọchị maka ụgbọ ala na ọgba tum tum.Ha chọpụtara na e nwetụrụ mmụba n'ichepụta ihe mgbe ọgba tum tum tinyere DRL.
Nnyocha nke Jenness et al., [39] gụnyere nchịkọta nyocha nke ndị sonyere na oge echere iji malite ntụgharị aka ekpe gafee ụzọ ụgbọ ala na-abata wee nyochaa "oge nchekwa ikpeazụ" iji malite ịtụgharị n'ihu ọgba tum tum na-abata na ọtụtụ.ọkụ n'ihuọgwụgwọ.N'ime nnwale, ekewapụrụ nlebara anya nke ndị na-aza ajụjụ n'ime ọrụ abụọ dị iche iche a na-ahụ anya na mpụga ụgbọ ala.Enwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na mbelata oke nchekwa dị mkpụmkpụ n'oge ọgwụgwọ ọkụ nnwale.N'ozuzu, nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara ụzọ na-ekwe nkwa, dị irè iji belata ihe mberede "ntụgharị aka ekpe n'ụzọ" site n'ịkwalite ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na ọgba tum tum n'ehihie.
N'ime ọnọdụ siri ike dị elu, Smither na Torrez [23] tụlere mmetụta nke okike, afọ, DRL ụgbọ ala na ọnọdụ ọkụ ọgba tum tum na ikike mmadụ nwere ịhụ ọgba tum tum.Ọmụmụ ihe a rụpụtara nyocha nkeọgba tum tumọnọdụ conspicuity, na nyocha ọzọ kwuru na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge mmeghachi omume maka ọgba tum tum nwere DRL na ndị na-enweghị DRL.Ọmụmụ ihe a gosipụtara na DRL dị irè, ma nyekwa akaebe dị adị iji kwado mmejuputa DRL ọgba tum tum, ọ dị mkpa ka ọgba tum tum pụta ìhè site na gburugburu.Site n'iji DRL kwado ọgba tum tum, ọ na-adị ngwa ịhụ ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-enweghị DRL.
2. Mmetụta nke moto DRL na Mmetụta Mmetụta n'ogeIhe mberede ọgba tum tum
Dabere na nyocha nke ihe mberede ọgba tum tum na Victoria, Australia, a chọpụtara na e nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ihe mberede dị iche iche [40].Ọ chọpụtara na mmụba nke ọgba tum tum nwere ike ibelata mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Data na ọgba tum tum DRL tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ mkpọka ụgbọ ala n'etiti 1976-77 tụlere [18].N'iji ya tụnyere ihe ngosi ekpughere, 50% nke ihe mberede na-ebelata mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, nke gosipụtara enyemaka nke iji ọkụ ihu.Ntinye aka nke ihe mberede ahụ belatara mgbe ejiri oriọna isi n'ehihie.Otú ọ dị, e nwere ntakịrị mbelata n'oke nhụsianya e buru n'amụma maka ogologo oge nke 1976 ruo 1981;butere mbelata ihe dịka 5% n'imeọtụtụ ụgbọalaesemokwu n'oge ehihie.N'afọ 1981, e mere atụmatụ na egbochiri ihe mkpọka ụgbọ ala ise dị egwu na United States mgbe emebebeghị iwu nke iji ọkụ ihu n'ehihie.Odika enwere mbelata n'etiti 4.2 ruo 5.6% na ndakpọ ọgba tum tum mgbe a na-arụ ọkụ ọkụ ụbọchị ọgba tum tum.
Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Nyocha ụdị ozi okporo ụzọ nke New South Wales (NSW), ndị uwe ojii Australia mere Vaughan et al., [41].Maka nyocha ahụ, a na-enyocha ọgba tum tum ọ bụla na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ojiji oriọna.N'ime ọgba tum tum 1104 tụrụ dabere na ule Chi-square, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na iji oriọna na ọgba tum tum 402 tinyere aka na ihe mberede.Ma eleghị anya, ọ bụ na ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ga-arụ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ ha n'ụbọchị karịa ndị na-emeghị.N'ime ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum nke otu ndị a họpụtara ahọpụtara, e nwere ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum bụ ndị na-emebu ihe mkpọka.Ihe ize ndụ dị n'itinye aka na ihe ọghọm dị ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ karịa mgbe ọkụ ọkụ anaghị arụ ọrụ.Igwe ọkụ ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ehihie na-egosi na ọ na-enyere aka ma dị irè iji belata ọnụego nkuku site na imeziwanye anya ọgba tum tum na okporo ụzọ.
3. Mmetụta nke Iwu DRL na mkpọka ọgba tum tum
Allen [42], onye nyochara mkpọka maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, so na ndị mbụ mere ọmụmụ ihe iji chọpụta ịdị irè nke DRL.Nchọpụta ya gosiri na site n'ime ka iji DRL mee ihe iwu kwadoro, e belatara 40% ọnụ ọgụgụ okuku kwa nde kilomita na ọnọdụ ìhè ụbọchị ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ tupu mmanye.A tụlere mmetụta nke iwu ọkụ ihu ụbọchị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na United States [43].Na United States, n'agbata 1975 ruo 1983, a kwadoro iwu ịgbanye ọkụ ihu igwe na ọkụ ọdụ mgbe niile na steeti 14.Mmejuputa iwu malitere na 1967 mgbe enwere mmụba dị egwu n'iji ọgba tum tum eme ihe, nke nyekwara aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mkpọka metụtara ọgba tum tum.Mmanye nke iwu ahụ bụkwa n'ihi mmụba na-egosi na iji ọkụ ihu na ọkụ azụ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke ga-akawanye mma.ọgba tum tumnhụpụta anya si otú ahụ belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mberede ahụ.Zador [43] maka steeti ndị etinyere iwu, chọpụtakwara mbelata dị ukwuu na oke mkpọka ehihie na mkpọka abalị.Nyocha ndị ọzọ gosiri na mbelata 13% nke mkpọka ọgba tum tum n'ehihie maka steeti ndị nwere iwu etinyere, ma e jiri ya tụnyere steeti ndị na-emeghị.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, e nwere ihe dị ka steeti iri atọ na-akwadoghị iwu igwe igwe ọkụ ihu ụbọchị.Ọ bụrụ na steeti ndị a niile mebere iwu ndị a, a na-eme atụmatụ na 140 ọzọ na-egbu egbuọgba tum tume gaara ezere nkukota.
Emere nyocha ihe mberede na India, Montana, Oregon, na Wisconsin iji chọpụta ịdị irè nke iwu maka iji ọgba tum tum DRL tupu na mgbe mmanye iwu [33].Otú ọ dị, Janoff et al., [33] emeghị ka ịmepụta data dị iche iche ma nye ohere maka mgbanwe mgbanwe kwa afọ nke oge ehihie na abalị ebe ọ bụ na oge nyocha (tupu na mgbe mmanye) dị naanị n'etiti ọnwa 6 ruo 12. .Dabere na nchọta agwakọtara, mkpọka ehihie dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpọka oge abalị na Oregon, Wisconsin na Indiana.N'ịtụle, ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọka ụbọchị abawanyela na Montana.Ya mere, Janoff et al.kwubiri na moto moto conspicuity na-abawanye na ojiji nke elu na obere dooọkụ ihuka enwere mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nkukota.
Iwu “hard-wiring” nke Austria nke 1982 ka akọọrọ ka ọ dị irè n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuku ọgba tum tum n'oge ehihie [44].Bijleved [44] kọrọ ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta DRL site na ọgba tum tum na European Union, bụ nke na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na Austria ka e mere iwu ọhụrụ na 1982. N'ime nnyocha dabeere na North Carolina, Waller na Griffin [45] chọpụtara. na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndakpọ ọtụtụ ụgbọ n'ehihie n'ehihie ka agbanyere iwu ọkụ isi ọgba tum tum.A tụlere mmetụta nke iwu na North Carolina site n'ịtụle data mkpọka maka afọ isii site na 1972 ruo 1976. Na Septemba 1, 1973, a kwadoro iwu ahụ, n'oge ọrụ ọgba tum tum na-ebelata mgbe ha rutere elu ya n'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ. .Atụnyere pasentị nke ndakpọ ọgba tum tum na pasenti yiri nke ahụ maka ihe mberede niile.Enwere mbelata nke ukwuu na ihe mberede ndị a metụtara ọgba tum tum ka emechara iwu ahụ.Ahụghị mbelata yiri nke ahụ maka mkpọka n'ozuzu ya.Dabere na nchoputa ahụ, e kwubiri na iwu oriọna ọgba tum tum nyere aka na mbelata dị mma na nkuko ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala n'ehihie.
Mmetụta nke amanyere iwuọkụ ihu ọgba tum tum eji na Singapore kemgbe November 1995 bụ Yuan [46] tụlere.Enweghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama mgbe eburu n'uche mkpọka niile.Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kewara mkpọka ndị ahụ n'ime ọkwa dị iche iche, enwere mmetụta dị mkpa maka mmerụ ahụ dị njọ na ihe mberede na-egbu egbu, ma ọ bụghị maka obere mkpọka.A tụrụ aro na nnukwu mbelata nke mkpọka na-egbu egbu na nke siri ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere obere mkpọka bụ n'ihi iji ọkụ ọkụ ehihie na-eme ka ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ pụta ìhè mgbe ihe mberede na-aga ime, nke mere ka ha nwee ike ịgbaji ogologo oge ma belata ọsọ ọsọ mmetụta [ 46].O doro anya na mbelata nke nkukota na-egbu egbu bụ ezigbo ihe akaebe, ebe ọnụego ahụ belatara site na nkezi kwa afọ nke gburugburu 40 ruo naanị 24 ka otu afọ nke mmanye iwu gasịrị.
Rosman na Ryan mụrụ ihe n'ụbọchị na Western Australia karịsịa na ọgba tum tum site na 1989 ruo 1994 [47].Iwu Nhazi Ọstrelia (ADR 19/01) dị irè malite na 1992, nke a ga-ejirịrị ọkụ ọkụ kwadoo ọgba tum tum ọhụrụ nke na-agbanye ozugbo mgbe ejiri ọgba tum tum.Enwere ụdị nkuku anọ nke a tụlere: isi n'ihu, mịfe akụkụ nke ọzọ, akụkụ aka nri na-apụtaghị ìhè.A hụrụ ntakịrị mbelata na mkpọka ụbọchị n'etiti ụgbọ ala na ọgba tum tum;Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntakịrị ihe atụ nke ọgba tum tum ọhụrụ n'oge nyocha, yana mmụba dị ukwuu nke iji ọkụ ihu ụbọchị na-eme onwe ya n'etiti ndị ọgba tum tum.
Site na iji data NSW sitere na ọdụ data ọnwụ nke okporo ụzọ Australia site na 1992 ruo 1995, Attewell [48] mere nyocha yiri ya.Attewell achọpụtaghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkuko metụtara nhụpụta anya na ndị ọzọ, kama ọ bụ naanị atụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndakpọ maka otu ọgba tum tum na mkpọka ụgbọ ala nke butere mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ maka ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum tupu ma ọ bụ biputere ụbọchị mmejuputa iwu nke Australian. Iwu imewe (ADR 19/01).Mbelata 2% n'oke nke ihe mberede ụgbọ ala maka mgbako niile dị n'ogo dị iche iche gosiri na ADR nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta.Mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ihe mberede na-egbu egbu;Agbanyeghị, nke a bụ naanị n'ihe gbasara mkpọka ọnwụ 16 nke igwe ADR metụtara.Ọ dịla afọ ole na ole ka ọtụtụ steeti dị na US amanyela iwu maka ọgba tum tum iji ọkụ ihu n'ehihie.California emejuputala iwu nke chọrọ ka ọgba tum tum niile hụ na ọkụ ihu na-agbanye mgbe niile ozugbo injin ahụ gbanyere ọkụ kemgbe 1972. Naanị na 1978 nnabata nke iwu dị irè.A mụrụ mmetụta nke iji ọkụ ọkụ na-eto eto tupu na mgbe emechara iwu Californian [49].A na-ekpebi oke oke maka ọnwụ maka afọ ọ bụla site na 1976 ruo 1981. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ụkpụrụ dị mkpa achọtara, nke Muller [49] n'ime nnyocha ndị ọzọ tụlere iwu nke ọgba tum tum DRL na California nọ na-ekwe nkwa ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọka ụbọchị.Nsonaazụ chọpụtara ntakịrị mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ihe mberede ụgbọ ala.A ghaghị ịgbanye ọkụ nke ụgbọ ala na ọgba tum tum n'ehihie na Finland na Sweden.Rumar [50] mere nyocha nyocha nke DRL na Sweden.Nchọpụta ya gosiri na iji obere ọkụ ọkụ n'oge ehihie ga-ejikwa belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mberede.Enwere mbelata nke ọtụtụ mkpọka ụgbọ ala n'ehihie site na 32% yana 4% n'abalị.Ọmụmụ ihe a emetụtala mgbanwe iwu na Sweden na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.
Dabere na ọmụmụ abụọ na Malaysia iji buru ụzọ nyochaa mmetụta obere oge nke ọgba tum tum DRL, Radin Umar et al., [51] chọpụtara nnukwu ọdịda enwere n'ọtụtụ mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Ọzọkwa, n'otu ebe ndị na-anya ụgbọelu ka a tụlere ihe mberede metụtara moto ọgba tum tum [51].Ihe nlereanya Radin gosiri na ọgba tum tum DRL jisiri ike belata nkukota ọgba tum tum site na ihe dịka 29%.
Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Mkparịta ụka
Ndị na-anya ọgba tum tum na-enwekarị ihe mberede.N'ihi enweghị nchebe, ihe mberede ọgba tum tum na-ebute mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu ozugbo nkukota mere.Na mgbakwunye, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị ihe metụtara bụ ndị na-eto eto, mkpọka ndị a na-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị elu yana ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba ọha na eze nye ndị merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu.Nke a bụ ya mere mbelata nke nta nke nta nke mkpọka ga-eweta uru dị ukwuu nye ndị nwere ike ịmetụta yana ọdịmma akụ na ụba ọha na eze maka obodo.
A na-ejikọta nnukwu ihe egwu nke ọgba tum tum ọtụtụ nkuko na ọkwa dị ala nke ọgba tum tum.Ya mere, ọ dị nnukwu mkpa iji kparịta ụka n'ihe gbasara nghọtahie na obodo ndị ọgba tum tum ka ha mee ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mara anya na ọgba tum tum na-abata.Ịtụnye ọkụ ọkụ ọgba tum tum ga-ekwe nkwa na ọ ga-adị iche na ndabere, ọ bụ ezie na ọkwa ọkụ dị ala.Nke a ga-eme ka ohere nke nchọpụta dịkwuo mma nke dabere na njirimara usoro ihe a na-ahụ anya, ma ga-akwado dị ka enyemaka visibiliti na-arụ ọrụ na ogologo oge.N'ụzọ doro anya, DRL bụ usoro iji kwụọ ụgwọ ma atụmanya dị ala yana uru ebumnuche dị ala.DRL ga-ewepụtakarị ọdịiche siri ike nke a na-ahụ ya megide ndabere.
Nyochaa a chịkọtara na ọgba tum tum DRL dị irè n'ibelata mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Ka o sina dị, nguzogide iji mejuputa DRLs ọgba tum tum na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na mba ndị mepere emepe ka na-eme n'agbanyeghị arụmọrụ ha gosipụtara.Nyocha a na-egosikwa na ọgba tum tum DRL abụghị nanị na-amụba anya ọgba tum tum, kamakwa na-enye mmetụta dị mma na oge nzaghachi ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ.Ya mere, na Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Portugal na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ iwu na ịgbanwuo ọgba tum tum ọkụ n'oge ehihie.N'ihi mmetụta dị mma na mmụba nke ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ, DRL amanyere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala iwu na obodo ụfọdụ.Nyochaa bụ nchịkọta ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na ọgba tum tum DRL nwere ike igbochi mkpọka ọgba tum tum.Ntụle a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ịdị irè nke ọgba tum tum DRL ga-enyere aka na nyocha nchekwa okporo ụzọ, karịsịa na ọnụ ahịa ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmanye iwu DRL na mmanye na mba ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-egbu ọgba tum tum dị elu.Akwụkwọ a kwubiri na ọgba tum tum DRL jikwaa ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke nkukota ihe dịka 4 ruo 20%.Nyochaa na-akwadokwa echiche na a ga-akwalite DRL ọgba tum tum n'ụwa niile iji kwalite nchekwa nke ndị na-anya pillion ha.
Esemokwu nke mmasị: Ọ nweghị nke ekwuputara.
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Ụdị maka nrụtụ aka gị:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
vidiyo maka nkọwa gị:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Akụkọ sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọIhe mberedeA na-enye & Trauma ebe a site n'ikike nke Trauma Research Center nke Mahadum Shiraz nkeSayensị ahụike