Udindo Wa Nyali Zoyendetsa Njinga Zanjinga Pochepetsa Kuwonongeka Kwa Njinga Zanjinga Masana;Ndemanga ya Zolemba Zamakono
Udindo waNjinga yamotoKuthamangaZowalamu KuchepetsaKuwonongeka kwa njinga zamotopa nthawi ya tsiku;Ndemanga ya Mabuku Amakono
Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Ndemanga
Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoyendera,kukwera njinga yamotosachedwa ngozi.Oyendetsa njinga zamoto amakhala ovulala kwambiri kuposa oyendetsa galimoto.Kuwonongeka kwa njinga zamoto zamagalimoto ambiri kumachitika, pali kuphwanya koyenera komwe kumachitika pomwe winagalimotokutembenukira kutsogolo kwa njinga yamoto, kapena kuwoloka kwadzidzidzi kwa njinga yamoto yomwe ikubwera.Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu chomwe chimatsogolera ku kuchuluka kwangozi zamotondi kusowa conspicuity wanjinga zamotondi ena ogwiritsa ntchito misewu makamaka masana.Pepalali likuwunikira maphunziro am'mbuyomu okhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma DRL a njinga zamoto, kuyang'ana kwambiri mphamvu ya DRLsonjezerani mawonekedwe a njinga yamoto.Pepalali likuwunikanso zotsatira za DRL ndi oyendetsa njinga zamoto pa ngozi yanjinga yamoto yamagalimoto ambiri.Magulu atatu a zotsatira zanjinga yamotoDRL adawunikidwanso.Mabuku onse, othandizira kuti nyali zoyendetsera ntchito masana akuwoneka ngati njira yothandiza komanso yothandiza kuchepetsa kugunda kwa magalimoto.kukonza mawonekedwe a njinga yamotomu traffic.Ma DRL a njinga zamoto amatha kuchepetsa pafupifupi 4 mpaka 20% ya ngozi ya njinga zamoto.Pepalali limalimbikitsanso zimenezonjinga yamoto DRLsiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'maiko omwe ali ndi ngozi zambiri za njinga zamotoonjezerani chitetezo cha okwerakomanso okwera mapiri awo.
Mawu Ofunika Kwambiri: Kupewa kuvulala,Ngozi zapamsewu, kuwala kwa masana, chitetezo cha okwera, ngozi yanjinga yamoto
Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Mawu Oyamba
Njinga zamoto ndimayendedwe osangalatsa, koma ali ndi ngozi zambiri zakupha m'maiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene [1,2].Rolison et al., [3] adanenanso kuti kufa ndi kuvulala pakati pa oyendetsa njinga zamoto ndi okwera ma pillion ndiwokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito misewu ena.Chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa woyendetsa njinga yamoto pa mailosi omwe adayenda akuyerekezedwa kukhala nthawi zosachepera 10 poyerekeza ndi wokwera galimoto [4-7].Potsutsana ndioyendetsa njinga zamoto' chithunzi chodziwika, nthawi zambiri amakhala gulu losatetezeka la ogwiritsa ntchito misewu.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [8] inanena kuti ku United States, 13% ya ngozi zapamsewu zonse zidawerengedwa ndi oyendetsa njinga zamoto, momwe oyendetsa njinga zamoto 4,462 adapha ndipo oyendetsa njinga zamoto 90,000 adavulala.Umenewu unali ngozi yaikulu kwambiri, pamene njinga zamoto zinali 3% yokha ya magalimoto onse olembetsedwa ndipo ndi 0.4% yokha ya magalimoto onse omwe anayenda.Chiwerengero chonse cha oyendetsa njinga zamoto okhudzidwa ndi ngozi chawonjezeka ndi 50% kuchoka pa 2294 mu 1998 kufika 5290 mu 2008. Ku Britain, ngakhale kuti okwera njinga zamoto anali 1% yokha ya ogwiritsa ntchito misewu, 15% ya omwe anafa kapena kwambiri. ovulala pa ngozi zapamsewu anali oyendetsa njinga zamoto [9].M’maiko osatukuka, mkhalidwe ulinso chimodzimodzi.Mbali yaikulu ya ngozi zapamsewu zomwe zimakhudza imfa ndi kuvulala koopsa zimakhala pakati pa oyendetsa njinga zamoto [1,10].Ku Iran, ziwerengero zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti anthu 5000 adamwalira ndipo 70,000 adavulala pangozi zanjinga [11,12].Malaysia ili m'gulu la mayiko a Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri omwe amafa kwambiri ndipo oposa 50 peresenti ya anthu omwe amafa pamsewu ali m'gulu la oyendetsa njinga zamoto [13,14].Kuphatikiza apo, popeza ana, achinyamata komanso anthu ambiri azachuma amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ngozi za njinga zamoto, chidwi chachikulu chimalunjika ku ngozi yamtunduwu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa moyo womwe watayika komanso mtengo wake [15,16].
Zinanenedwa kuti ngozi zopitirira 50% za njinga zamoto zinachitika masana, kutengera kuwunika kwa ngozi zapamsewu ziwiri pakati pa okwera ndi njinga yamoto [17].Conspicuity ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mphamvu za anthu ena oyenda pamsewu kuti azitha kuona komanso kuzindikira pa njinga yamoto.Malipoti okhudza ngozi za njinga zamoto anapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti madalaivala ena sankawaonanso njinga zamotozi, makamaka pa nthawi ya kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu komanso m’madera ovuta kuona.
Ambiri mwa madalaivala a magalimoto amene anachita ngozi ya njinga zamoto ananena kuti sanathe kupewa ngoziyi chifukwa sanaone njinga zamotozo ndi okwerapo kapena anaziwona mochedwa [7].Nthawi zambiri pomwe madalaivala amalephera kuzindikira njinga yamoto pa nthawi ya ngozi ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zopinga zina zomwe zimalepheretsa dalaivala kuyang'ana, monga podutsa magalimoto, malo kapena mkati mwa galimotoyo [18,19].Ochita kafukufuku anena kuti ngozi zambiri zakutsogolo zimachitika chifukwa chosowa mawonekedwe a njinga yamoto yakutsogolo kapena kusanja kumanzere kumanzere ndi oyendetsa ena [20-23].
Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Poyerekeza ndi magalimoto ndi magalimoto, njinga zamoto siziwoneka bwino kwa ena ogwiritsa ntchito misewu.Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira komanso kudziwa liwiro lomwe likuyandikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufa kwanjinga zamoto.Nthawi zambiri kuwonongeka kwa njinga zamoto kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi oyendetsa magalimoto ena, omwe mwina samadziwa za njinga zamoto mpaka kuchedwa [23-25].Mkhalidwewu umatchedwa "wowoneka-koma-wolephera-kuwona" (LBFS) phenomenon [26-31].Pofuna kuchepetsa ngozi za njinga zamoto, ma Daytime Running Lights (DRL) ati achepetse vutoli.Pepalali likuwonetsa maphunziro am'mbuyomu pakugwiritsa ntchito ma DRL a njinga zamoto, kuyang'ana kwambiri mphamvu ya DRLs kuti apititse patsogolo mawonekedwe a njinga zamoto.
Zida ndi njira
Kuti muwone zotsatira za DRL kutengera zolemba zomwe zilipo, zida zosankhidwa ndi intaneti zidagwiritsidwa ntchito.Zotsatira za DRL zinawunikidwa.Magulu atatu akuluakulu a mabukuwa adadziwika kuti awone maphunziro amtengo wapatali ndi malipoti ena ofunikira pazochitika za DRL ya njinga yamoto.
1. Chikoka cha njinga yamoto DRL pa conspicuity njinga yamoto
2. Mphamvu ya DRL ya njinga yamoto pazifukwa zomwe zimachitika pa ngozi za njinga zamoto
3. Mphamvu ya malamulo a njinga yamoto ya DRL pa ngozi za njinga zamoto
1. Mphamvu ya Njinga yamoto DRL paNjinga yamotoConspicuity
Kutengera malipoti kudzera m'mayesero ambiri am'munda ndi maphunziro a labotale, njinga zamoto zokhala ndi DRL zimawonekera kwambiri kuposa njinga zamoto zomwe zilibe [32-34].Kuti awunikenso mawonekedwe achibale a nyali zingapo za oyendetsa njinga zamoto, Donne [35] adayesa kumunda kutengera kuchuluka kwa njinga yamoto yomwe idadziwika ndikuzindikiridwa.Kuyeseraku kudachokera pamalingaliro akuti madalaivala nthawi zina amalephera kuwona njinga zamoto zomwe zinalibe zida zodziwikiratu.Kuchokera pakuwunikaku, zidawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a njinga yamoto adakulitsidwa kuchoka pa 53.6% mpaka 64.4% (kwa nyali ya 40w, 180 mm m'mimba mwake).Zofotokozera za DRL zinayesedwa, ndipo zinatsimikiziridwa kuti nyali ziwiri, ndi nyali zoposa 180 mm m'mimba mwake zinali ndi mphamvu zambiri poyerekeza ndi nyali imodzi kapena yaying'ono [36].
Williams ndi Hoffmann [34] adayesa labotale nthawi zonse usana ndi usiku.Iwo anapeza kuti chiwongola dzanja chonsecho chinakhala bwino pamene njinga zamoto zinali ndi zowala zazitali ndi zotsika poyerekeza ndi njinga zamoto zopanda kuwala.Zinawonetsa kuti njinga yamoto ya DRL idakulitsa chidwi cha woyendetsa njinga yamoto powonjezera kusiyana pakati pa njinga yamoto ndi mbiri yake.
Kutengera maphunziro omwe adachitika ku Australia ndi United States, komwe malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito nyali akugwiritsiridwa ntchito kale, Thomson [24] adachita kafukufuku wofanana ku New Zealand kuti awone ngati kugwiritsa ntchito nyali masana kungachitike.kuchepetsa ngozi za njinga zamoto.Zotsatirazo zinasonyeza kuti mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito nyali zamoto masana iyenera kulimbikitsidwa ku New Zealand, ngakhale kuti sikoyenera kuti oyendetsa njinga zamoto aziyatsa magetsi masana.Ndondomekoyi ingathandize kuti njinga zamoto ziwonekere komanso kuchepetsa ngozi za njinga zamoto.
Kuchita bwino kwa ma modulator a nyali yakutsogolo kudawunikidwa poyesa nthawi zodziwika za omwe adatenga nawo gawo pazoyendetsa zenizeni padziko lapansi [37].Zinanenedwa kuti kuwonetseredwa kwa njinga zamoto ndi oyendetsa galimoto ndi oyendetsa galimoto kumawonjezeka pamene nyali zawo zazing'ono zimayatsidwa masana.Nyali yamoto itazimitsidwa, mkangano womwe ungakhalepo pakati pa oyendetsa njinga yamoto ndi madalaivala ena amakumana ndi vuto lalikulu poyerekezera ndi pamene nyaliyo inayatsidwa.Kutengera ndi kafukufukuyu, zinali zoonekeratu kuti kuyatsa nyali zowala kwambiri komanso zotsika, komanso kuwongolera nyali zonse masana ndi usiku zimawonetsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a njinga yamoto.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma DRL awiri kunapezeka kuti ndiyo njira yothandiza kwambiri ku United Kingdom kuonjezera kuwonekera kwa njinga zamoto.Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zakutsogolo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa panjinga zamoto, jekete la fulorosenti ndi nyali imodzi yothamanga zidapezekanso kuti zimathandizira kuwonetsetsa kwa galimoto.woyendetsa njinga yamoto.Komanso, Brendicke et al., [38] adaphunzira zotsatira zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyendera masana pamagalimoto ndi njinga zamoto.Iwo adapeza kuti panali kusintha pang'ono powonekera pomwe njinga zamoto zidagwiritsa ntchito DRL.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Jenness et al., [39] adakhudzanso kuwunika kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo pa nthawi yomwe akuyembekezeka kuyambitsa kulowera kumanzere kudutsa njira yamagalimoto omwe akubwera ndikuwunika "nthawi yotetezeka yomaliza" kuti ayambe kutembenukira kutsogolo kwa njinga zamoto zomwe zikubwera ndi zingapo.kuyatsa kutsogolomankhwala.Pakuyesa, chidwi cha omwe adafunsidwa adagawidwa m'magulu awiri owoneka bwino kunja kwagalimoto.Panali umboni wosonyeza kuti kupezeka kwa mipata yaifupi yachitetezo kunachepetsedwa panthawi yoyesera yowunikira.Kawirikawiri, zotsatira zake zimasonyeza njira yodalirika, yothandiza yochepetsera ngozi za "kulowera kumanzere" mwa kuwonjezera kuyatsa kutsogolo kwa njinga zamoto masana.
Mkati mwa kukhulupirika kwakukulu, Smither ndi Torrez [23] adawunika momwe munthu amakhudzira jenda, zaka, magalimoto a DRL ndi kuyatsa kwanjinga yamoto pa kuthekera kwa munthu kuwona njinga yamoto.Kafukufukuyu adayambitsa kuwunika kwanjinga yamotoconspicuity mikhalidwe, ndi kusanthula kwina kunanena kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawi yochitira njinga zamoto zokhala ndi ma DRL ndi omwe alibe DRL.Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ma DRL anali othandiza, komanso adapereka umboni weniweni wothandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma DRL a njinga zamoto, kunali kofunika kuti njinga yamoto iwonekere mozungulira.Popanga njinga yamoto yokhala ndi ma DRL, imafulumira kuiwona poyerekeza ndi omwe alibe DRL.
2. Mphamvu ya Njinga yamoto DRL pa Impact Factors paNgozi Zanjinga Zamoto
Kutengera kuwunika kwa ngozi zanjinga zamoto ku Victoria, Australia, zidapezeka kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ngozi [40].Iye adawona kuti kuwongolera bwino kwa njinga zamoto kumatha kuchepetsa ngozi zamoto.Zambiri panjinga zamoto DRL zomwe zidakhudzidwa ndi ngozi zingapo zamagalimoto pakati pa 1976-77 kusanthula [18].Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chowonetseratu, 50% ya ngozi inachepetsedwa pamene nyali zamoto zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zinasonyeza kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito nyali.Kukhudzidwa kwa ngozi kunachepetsedwa pamene nyali zamutu zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito masana.Komabe, panali kuchepa pang'ono kwa chiŵerengero chosamvetseka chomwe chinanenedweratu kwa nthawi ya 1976 mpaka 1981;zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa pafupifupi 5%.magalimoto ambirikugundana masana.Mu 1981, akuti ngozi zisanu zowopsa zamagalimoto ambiri zidaletsedwa ku United States pomwe lamulo logwiritsa ntchito nyali masana linali lisanatsatidwe.Pafupifupi kugunda kwa njinga zamoto kunachepetsedwa ndi 4.2 mpaka 5.6% pamene nyali zamoto masana zinali kuyendetsedwa.
Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Kuwunika kwa mafomu a chidziwitso cha magalimoto operekedwa ndi New South Wales (NSW), Apolisi aku Australia adachitidwa ndi Vaughan et al., [41].Pa kafukufukuyu, njinga yamoto iliyonse idawunikidwa ngati pali kapena kusakhalapo kwa nyali zogwiritsa ntchito.Pakati pa njinga zamoto za 1104 zomwe zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Chi-square, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito nyali zamoto ndi njinga zamoto 402 zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ngozi.Mwina zinali zoti anthu amene ankasamala kwambiri za chitetezo amayatsa nyali zawo masana kusiyana ndi amene sanazigwiritse ntchito.Pakati pa oyendetsa njinga zamoto a gulu losankhidwa mwachisawawa, panali oyendetsa njinga zamoto omwe nthawi ina anachita ngozi.Chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi ngozi chimakhala chokwera kuwirikiza katatu pamene nyali zakutsogolo sizikugwira ntchito.Nyali zoyendera masana zimawoneka ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera kugundana pothandizira kuti njinga zamoto ziziwoneka bwino pamagalimoto.
3. Mphamvu za Malamulo a DRLs pa Ngozi ya Njinga zamoto
Allen [42], yemwe adafufuza za ngozi za kampani yamabasi, anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuchita kafukufuku kuti adziwe momwe ma DRL amathandizira.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma DRL movomerezeka kudachepetsedwa ndi 40% kuchuluka kwa ngozi pa mailosi miliyoni masana poyerekeza ndi chaka chisanachitike.Zotsatira za malamulo owunikira masana m'madera ena ku United States adawunikidwa [43].Ku United States, pakati pa 1975 ndi 1983, lamulo loyatsa nyali za njinga zamoto nthaŵi zonse linakhazikitsidwa m’maboma 14.Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo kunayamba mchaka cha 1967 pomwe pamakhala chiwonjezeko chowopsa cha kugwiritsa ntchito njinga zamoto, zomwe zidapangitsanso ngozi zambiri zophatikizira njinga zamoto.Kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamuloli kudachitikanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwaumboni wogwiritsa ntchito masana ndi nyali zakumbuyo zomwe zingapangitse kusintha.njinga yamotoconspicuity motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ngozi.Zador [43] ya maiko omwe ali ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa, adapezanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha ngozi za masana ndi ngozi za usiku.Kufufuza kwina kunawonetsa kuti 13% ya kuwonongeka kwa njinga zamoto masana masana kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo akhazikitsidwa, poyerekeza ndi mayiko omwe sanachitepo.Pa kafukufukuyu, panali pafupifupi mayiko 30 omwe sanakhazikitse malamulo a magetsi oyendetsa njinga zamoto masana.Ngati mayiko onsewa atatsatira malamulowo, akuti ena 140 ndi amene afanjinga yamotokugundana kukadatha kupewedwa.
Kuwunika kwa ngozi kunachitika ku India, Montana, Oregon, ndi Wisconsin kuti awone momwe malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito panjinga yamoto DRL asanatsatire komanso pambuyo pa kutsatiridwa kwa lamulo [33].Komabe, Janoff et al., [33] analephera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya konkire ndikuloleza kusinthasintha kwapachaka kwa kuwonongeka kwa usana ndi usiku kuyambira nthawi ya kafukufuku (isanayambe komanso itatha kukakamiza) inali pakati pa 6 mpaka miyezi ya 12. .Kutengera zomwe zapezedwa, ngozi zamasana zinali zochepa poyerekeza ndi ngozi zausiku ku Oregon, Wisconsin ndi Indiana.Poyerekeza, kuchuluka kwa ngozi zamasana kumawonjezeka ku Montana.Chifukwa chake, Janoff et al.adatsimikiza kuti kuwonekera kwa njinga zamoto kumawonjezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wapamwamba komanso wotsikanyali zakutsogolopopeza panali kuchepa kwa kugunda.
Lamulo la "hard-wiring" la ku Austria la 1982 lidanenedwa kuti ndi lothandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa njinga zamoto masana [44].Bijleved [44] inanena kafukufuku pa zotsatira za DRLs ndi njinga zamoto mu European Union, amene makamaka kuganizira Austria monga lamulo anali atangokhazikitsidwa kumene mu 1982. Mu kafukufuku ku North Carolina, Waller ndi Griffin [45] anapeza. kuti chiwopsezo cha kugunda kwa magalimoto ambiri masana masana chinatsika pambuyo poti lamulo la nyali za njinga zamoto litatsatiridwa.Zotsatira za lamulo ku North Carolina zinayesedwa ndi kuwunika deta ya ngozi kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku 1972 mpaka 1976. Pa September 1, 1973, lamuloli linakhazikitsidwa, panthawi yomwe ntchito ya njinga zamoto inali kuchepa itafika pachimake m'miyezi yachilimwe. .Chiŵerengero cha kugunda kwa njinga zamoto chinayerekezedwa ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha ngozi zonse.Ngozi zokhudza njinga zamoto zachepa kwambiri lamuloli litakhazikitsidwa.Kuchepetsa kofananako sikunawonekere pakuwonongeka kwathunthu.Kutengera zomwe zapezedwa, adatsimikiza kuti lamulo la nyali zamoto zamoto zidathandizira kuchepetsa kugunda kwa magalimoto ambiri masana.
Mphamvu ya kukakamizidwanyali yamoto kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Singapore kuyambira Novembala 1995 kudawunikidwa ndi Yuan [46].Panalibe zotsatira zazikulu pamene ngozi zonse zimaganiziridwa.Komabe, ngozizi zitasanjidwa mumilingo yosiyana, panali zotsatira zofunikira pazochitika zovulala kwambiri ndi ngozi zakupha, koma osati zangozi zazing'ono.Ananena kuti kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ngozi zoopsa komanso zoopsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ngozi zing'onozing'ono zinali chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito nyali zamasana zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu oyenda pamsewu aziwoneka bwino pamene ngozi inali pafupi kuchitika, zomwe zinawathandiza kuti adutse nthawi yaitali ndi kuchepetsa liwiro [ 46].Zinali zoonekeratu kuti kuchepa kwa ngozi zakupha kunali umboni weniweni, chifukwa chiwerengerocho chinatsika kuchoka pa avareji ya pachaka ya pafupifupi 40 kufika pa 24 yokha pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi chotsatira malamulo.
Kugundana kwa masana ku Western Australia makamaka pa njinga zamoto kuyambira 1989 mpaka 1994 kunaphunziridwa ndi Rosman ndi Ryan [47].Australian Design Rule (ADR 19/01) idayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 1992, momwe njinga zamoto zonse zatsopano ziyenera kukonzedwa ndi nyali zakutsogolo zomwe zimangoyatsidwa pomwe njinga yamoto inkagwiritsidwa ntchito.Panali mitundu inayi ya kugunda yomwe inkaganiziridwa: kulowera kumutu, swipe m'mbali moyang'ana kolowera, kumanja kumanja ndi kolowera kumanja.Kuchepa pang'ono kunawonedwa mu ngozi za masana pakati pa magalimoto ndi njinga zamoto;komabe, sizinali zofunikira powerengera.Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa njinga zamoto zatsopano panthawi yonse yofufuza, komanso kukwera kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zamoto masana mwaufulu pakati pa oyendetsa njinga zamoto.
Pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya NSW kuchokera ku Australian Road Fatality Database kuchokera ku 1992 mpaka 1995, kusanthula kofananako kunachitidwa ndi Attewell [48].Attewell sanasiyanitse pakati pa kugundana kokhudzana ndi kuwonekera ndi ena, koma amangoyerekeza kuchuluka kwa ngozi zamoto wamoto ndi njinga zamoto zomwe zidapangitsa kuvulala kapena kufa kwa okwera njinga zamoto zomwe zidachitika kale kapena pambuyo pake kukhazikitsidwa kwa Australian. Lamulo Lopanga (ADR 19/01).Kutsika kwa 2% kwa chiŵerengero cha ngozi za njinga zamoto pa ngozi zonse zakugunda kwamphamvu kosiyanasiyana kwawonetsa kuti ADR inali ndi zovuta zingapo.Zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu pa ngozi zakupha;komabe, izi zinali zongotsala pang'ono kuwonongeka kwangozi 16 ndi makina a post ADR omwe adakhudzidwa.Patha zaka zingapo kuti mayiko ambiri ku US akhazikitsa malamulo oti njinga yamoto igwiritse ntchito magetsi masana.California yakhazikitsa lamulo lofuna kuti njinga zamoto zonse zizionetsetsa kuti nyali zakutsogolo zomwe zimayatsidwa nthawi zonse injiniyo ikangoyatsidwa kuyambira 1972. Ndi mu 1978 kokha kutsatira lamuloli kunayamba kugwira ntchito.Zotsatira zakukula kwa nyali zakutsogolo zisanachitike komanso pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo aku California adaphunziridwa [49].Chiŵerengero chosamvetseka cha imfa chinatsimikiziridwa chaka chilichonse kuyambira 1976 mpaka 1981. Komabe, panalibe chitsanzo chofunikira chomwe chinapezeka, chomwe Muller [49] mu kafukufuku wina adawunika malamulo a njinga yamoto DRL ku California anali akulonjeza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ngozi za masana.Zotsatira zake zidapeza kuchepa pang'ono kwa ngozi zamagalimoto ambiri.Nyali zamagalimoto onse ndi njinga zamoto ziyenera kuyatsidwa masana ku Finland ndi Sweden.Rumar [50] adachita kafukufuku wa DRL ku Sweden.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kocheperako masana kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ngozi.Panali kuchepa kwa ngozi zambiri zamagalimoto masana ndi 32% ndi 4% usiku.Kafukufukuyu wakhudza kusintha kwa malamulo ku Sweden ndi mayiko ena ambiri.
Kutengera maphunziro awiri ku Malaysia kuti aunikenso kutengera kwakanthawi kwa ma DRL a njinga zamoto, Radin Umar et al., [51] adapeza kutsika kwakukulu komwe kunalipo ngozi zingapo za njinga zamoto.Kupitilira apo, pamalo omwewo oyendetsa ngozi zokhudzana ndi zoopsa pakati pa njinga zamoto zidawunikidwa [51].Radin chitsanzo anasonyeza kuti njinga yamoto DRL anakwanitsa kuchepetsa kugunda njinga zamoto pafupifupi 29%.
Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Zokambirana
Oyendetsa njinga zamoto sachedwa ngozi.Chifukwa chosowa chitetezo, ngozi za njinga zamoto zimayambitsa kuvulala koopsa pakagundana.Kuphatikiza apo, popeza ovulala ambiri ndi achinyamata, ngozizi nthawi zambiri zimapha anthu ambiri komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri pazachuma kwa omwe avulala kwambiri.Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ngozi kudzapereka ubwino waukulu kwa omwe angakhale okhudzidwa ndi moyo wabwino pazachuma kwa anthu ammudzi.
Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kugunda kangapo kwa njinga zamoto nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe otsika a njinga yamoto.Choncho, pali chofunikira kwambiri kuti tilankhule za nkhani yokhudzana ndi conspicuity kwa anthu oyendetsa njinga zamoto kuti anyengerere oyendetsa galimoto kuti akhale tcheru pa njinga zamoto zomwe zikubwera.Kuyatsa nyali za njinga yamoto kudzatsimikizira kuti idzakhala yosiyana ndi kumbuyo, ngakhale kuti kuwala kumakhala kochepa.Izi zidzakulitsa mwayi wodziwikiratu zomwe zimatengera mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, ndipo zidzakhalitsa ngati chithandizo chowonekera pakapita nthawi.Mwachidziwitso, DRL ndi njira yolipirira zonse zomwe zimayembekezeka komanso zotsika mtengo.Ma DRL adzapereka kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumawonekera kumbuyo.
Ndemangayi ikufotokoza mwachidule kuti ma DRL a njinga zamoto amathandiza kuchepetsa ngozi za njinga zamoto.Komabe, kukana kugwiritsa ntchito ma DRL oyendetsa njinga zamoto m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso otukuka kukuchitikabe ngakhale kuti zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizothandiza.Ndemangayi ikuwonetsanso kuti ma DRL a njinga zamoto sikungowonjezera mawonekedwe a njinga zamoto, komanso amapereka zotsatira zabwino pa nthawi yoyankha madalaivala ena.Chifukwa chake, ku Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Portugal ndi mayiko ena angapo, ndikofunikira kuyatsa magetsi amoto masana.Chifukwa cha zotsatira zabwino pakuchulukirachulukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito misewu, DRL imakakamizidwanso kwa oyendetsa magalimoto m'maiko ena.Ndemanga iyi ndi umboni womwe ulipo kuti njinga yamoto DRL imatha kupewa ngozi zanjinga zamoto.Kuwunika kodalirika pakuchita bwino kwa njinga yamoto yamoto ya DRL kudzathandiza pa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chitetezo chamsewu, makamaka pakutheka kwa mtengo wokhazikitsa malamulo a DRL ndi kulimbikitsa kwawo kumayiko omwe kufa kwa njinga zamoto ndikwambiri.Pepalali linanena kuti ma DRL a njinga zamoto amatha kuchepetsa kugunda kwa 4 mpaka 20%.Ndemangayi ikugwirizananso ndi lingaliro lakuti ma DRL a njinga zamoto ayenera kukwezedwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo cha okwera ma pillion.
Kusemphana kwa chidwi: Palibe chomwe chinalengezedwa.
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Zitsanzo zomwe munganene:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Kanema wanu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Zolemba zochokera ku Bulletin ofZadzidzidzi& Trauma amaperekedwa pano mwachilolezo cha Trauma Research Center ya Shiraz University ofSayansi ya Zamankhwala