Doorka Laydhka Ordaya Mootooyinka ee Yaraynta Shilalka Mootooyinka Inta lagu jiro Maalinta;Dib-u-eegis ku saabsan Suugaanta Hadda
DoorkaBaaskiilordayaNalalkaee YarayntaShilalka Mootooyinkainta lagu jiro Maalinta;Dib u eegis lagu sameeyay Suugaanta Hadda
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Abstract
Marka la barbardhigo hababka kale ee gaadiidka,fuushan mootowaa u nugul shilalka.Wadayaasha mootada ayaa aad ugu nugul dhaawaca jirka marka loo eego darawalada baabuurka.Shilalka mootooyinka badan ee baabuurta badan ayaa dhaca, waxaa jira xad-gudub ku ah dariiqa saxda ah kaas oo mid kale uu dhacobaabuuru leexda xagga hore ee mootada, ama iskutallaab kedis ah ee mootada soo socota.Mid ka mid ah qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee keena heerka sare eeshilalka mootowaa indho la'aanmootooyinkaIsticmaalayaasha kale ee waddooyinka gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro maalinta.Warqadani waxay muujineysaa daraasado hore oo ku saabsan hirgelinta DRL-yada mootada, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo waxtarka DRLswanaaji muuqalka mootada.Waraaqdani waxay dib u eegis ku samaynaysaa saamaynta DRL-ka ee wadayaasha mootooyinka ee shilalka baabuurta badan.Saddexda qaybood ee saamayntamootoDRLs ayaa dib loo eegayDhammaan suugaanta, taageerta in nalalka hore ee shaqeeya inta lagu jiro maalinta waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin hab saameyn leh oo waxtar leh si loo yareeyo heerka isku dhacahagaajinta muuqaalka mootadataraafikada.Mootada DRLs waxay ku guulaysteen inay yareeyaan 4 ilaa 20% khatarta shilalka mootada.Warqadani waxay kaloo ku talinaysaa inmooto DRLswaa in loo isticmaalo si caalami ah, gaar ahaan wadamada shilalka mootooyinka ay ku badan yihiinhagaajinta badbaadada wadayaashaiyo sidoo kale kaniiniyada ay raacaan.
Erayada Muhiimka ah: Ka hortagga dhaawaca,Shilalka gaadiidka, iftiinka socodka maalintii, Badbaadada wadayaasha, Shilka Mootooyinka
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Hordhac
Mootooyinku waa hab gaadiid oo xiiso leh, laakiin waxay leeyihiin heerar sare oo shilal dilaa ah oo ka dhaca wadamada horumaray iyo kuwa soo koraya [1,2].Rolison et al., [3] ayaa sheegay in heerka dhimashada iyo dhaawaca ee wadayaasha mootada iyo kaniiniyada kaxeeya ay tahay tan ugu sareysa marka loo eego isticmaalayaasha kale ee wadooyinka.Heerka dhimashada mootada halkii mile ee uu safray waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ay ka sarreyso ugu yaraan 10 jeer marka loo eego rakaabka baabuurka [4-7].Taas oo lid ku ahmootooyinkaSawirka caanka ah, guud ahaan waa koox nugul oo isticmaalayaasha waddooyinka.Maamulka Badbaadada Wadooyinka Qaranka (NHTSA) [8] ayaa sheegay in gudaha Mareykanka, 13% wadarta guud ee shilalka gaadiidka ay ku xisaabtameen wadayaasha mootada, taas oo 4,462 wadayaasha mootada ay ku lug lahaayeen dhimasho iyo 90,000 oo mootada ay ku dhaawacmeen.Taasi waxay ahayd shilal aad u sarreeya, halka mootooyinka ka kooban 3% oo keliya dhammaan baabuurta diiwaangashan oo xisaabtoodu tahay 0.4% oo keliya dhammaan mayl-yada baabuurta.Wadarta tirada wadayaasha mootada ee shilalka gala waxay kor u kacday in ka badan 50% laga bilaabo 2294 sanadkii 1998 ilaa 5290 sanadkii 2008. Ingriiska, in kasta oo wadayaasha mootada ay ahaayeen kaliya 1% wadarta isticmaalayaasha wadooyinka, 15% kuwa dhintay ama si daran ku dhaawacmay shilalka waddooyinka ayaa ahaa wadayaasha mootada [9].Wadamada soo koraya xaaladu waa la mid.Qayb weyn oo shilalka waddooyinka ah oo isugu jira dhimasho iyo dhaawac halis ah ayaa u badan wadayaasha mootada [1,10].Iran, tirakoobka dhimashada ayaa muujisay in 5000 oo qof ay ku dhinteen 70,000 ay ku dhaawacmeen shilalka mootooyinka [11,12].Malaysia waxay ka mid tahay Ururka Wadamada Koonfur Bari Aasiya (ASEAN) ee leh heerka ugu sarreeya ee dhimashada iyo in ka badan 50 boqolkiiba dhimashada waddooyinka ayaa ka mid ah wadayaasha mootada [13,14].Intaa waxaa dheer, maadaama carruurta, dhalinyarada iyo dadka dhaqaalaha firfircoon ay si aad ah ugu lug leeyihiin shilalka mootooyinka, dareenka badan ayaa loo jeediyaa shilalka noocan oo kale ah sababtoo ah heerka sare ee nolosha luminta saamiga iyo kharashka ku lug leh [15,16].
Waxaa la sheegay in in ka badan 50% shilalka mootada ay dhaceen maalintii, iyadoo lagu saleeyay falanqaynta shilalka dhimashada ee labada baabuur ee u dhexeeya gaadiidka rakaabka iyo mootada [17].Dareenku waa ereyga loo isticmaalo in lagu qeexo awoodda isticmaalayaasha kale ee waddooyinka si ay u arkaan ugana warqabaan joogitaanka mootada.Warbixinnada ku saabsan shilalka mootooyinka ayaa caddaynaya in mootada aysan si dhib leh u arkin darawallada kale ee gaadiidka, gaar ahaan xilliyada gaadiidka aadka u badan iyo goobaha muuqaalka ah.
Inta badan darawalada gaadiidka ee shilalka mooto bajaajta ayaa ku andacoonaya in aysan ka hortagi karin isku dhacaas maadaama aysan arkin mootooyinka iyo wadayaasha ama ay arkeen goor dambe [7].Inta badan kiisaska ay darawaladu ku guul daraysteen inay aqoonsadaan mootada wakhtiga shilku jiro waxaa sabab u ah joogitaanka caqabadaha kale ee xaddidaya aragtida darawalka, sida socodka gaadiidka, muuqaalka ama gudaha baabuurka laftiisa [18,19].Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay soo sheegeen in badi shilalka hore ay sabab u tahay la'aanta mootada hore ama go'aanka farqiga bidix ee liidata ee darawaliinta kale [20-23].
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Marka la barbardhigo baabuurta iyo kuwa xamuulka qaada, mootooyinka ayaa ah kuwo aan si fudud u arkin dadka kale ee isticmaala waddooyinka.Intaa waxaa dheer, aad bay u adag tahay in la ogaado iyo sidoo kale in la ogaado xawligooda ku soo wajahan, taas oo si weyn gacan uga geysata heerka sare ee dhimashada mootada.Inta badan shilalka mootooyinka waxaa sababi kara wadayaasha kale, kuwaas oo ay u badan tahay in aan ka warqabin mootooyinka ilaa ay goori goor tahay [23-25].Xaaladdan waxaa loogu magac daray "muuqaal-laakin-ku-fashilmay in la-arko" (LBFS) ifafaale [26-31].Si loo yareeyo heerka shilalka mootooyinka, Nalalka Socodka Maalintii (DRLs) ayaa la soo jeediyay si loo yareeyo dhibaatadan.Warqadani waxay muujineysaa daraasado hore oo ku saabsan hirgelinta DRL-yada mootada, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo waxtarka DRL-yada si loo wanaajiyo muuqaalka mootooyinka.
Qalabka iyo Hababka
Si loo qiimeeyo saamaynta DRL ee ku salaysan suugaanta la hayo, xog-ururinta iyo intarneedka ayaa la isticmaalay.Saamaynta DRLs ayaa dib loo eegay.Saddex qaybood oo muhiim ah oo suugaanta ah ayaa loo aqoonsaday si loo qiimeeyo daraasaadka qiimaha iyo warbixinnada kale ee muhiimka ah ee saamaynta mootooyinka DRL.
1. Saamaynta mootada DRL ee muuqaalka mootada
2. Saamaynta mooto DRL ee arrimaha saamaynta inta lagu jiro shilalka mootada
3. Saamaynta sharciyada mootooyinka DRL ee shilalka mootooyinka
1. Saamaynta Mootada DRL eeBaaskiilDareenka
Iyadoo lagu salaynayo warbixino lagu sameeyay baadhitaano badan oo goobta iyo shaybaadhka, mootooyinka wata DRL-yada ayaa aad uga muuqda mootooyinka aan haysanin [32-34].Si loo qiimeeyo aragtida qaraabada ee dhowr nalal oo loogu talagalay wadayaasha mootada, Donne [35] waxay samaysay tijaabo goobeed iyadoo ku xidhan inta jeer ee mootada la ogaado lana aqoonsaday.Tijaabada ayaa lagu saleeyay in darawaladu ay mararka qaar arki waayaan mootooyinka kuwaas oo aan ku rakibnayn wax qalab ah oo muuqaal ah.Marka la eego falanqaynta, waxay muujisay in muuqaalka mootada laga soo qaaday 53.6% ilaa 64.4% (oo loogu talagalay 40w, 180 mm dhexroor nalka).Tilmaamaha DRL-yada ayaa la qiimeeyay, waxaana la xaqiijiyay in laba laambadood, iyo nalal ka badan 180 mm dhexroorku ay saameyn badan ku yeesheen marka la barbar dhigo nalalka hal ama ka yar [36].
Williams iyo Hoffmann [34] waxay sameeyeen tijaabo shaybaadhka xaaladaha habeen iyo maalinba.Waxay ogaadeen in wadarta aragga ay soo hagaagtay markii mootooyinka lagu rakibay laydh sare iyo kuwo hooseeya marka loo eego mootooyinka aan lahayn iftiin.Waxay tilmaantay in mootada DRL ay wanaajisay aragtida darawalka mootada iyadoo kordhinaysa farqiga u dhexeeya mootada iyo asalkiisa.
Iyada oo ku saleysan daraasado kiis oo lagu sameeyay Australia iyo Mareykanka, halkaas oo siyaasadaha isticmaalka nalka horeba la fuliyay, Thomson [24] ayaa daraasad la mid ah ku samaysay New Zealand si ay u qiimeeyaan in isticmaalka nalalka hore ee maalintiiyaree shilalka mootada.Natiijadu waxay muujisay in siyaasadda isticmaalka nalka hore ee maalinta lagu dhiirigeliyo in laga dhaqan geliyo New Zealand, inkasta oo aanay daruuri ahayn wadayaasha mootada inay shidaan laydhka hore ee wakhtiga maalintii.Siyaasaddu waxay kor u qaadi doontaa aragtida mootada waxayna yaraynaysaa shilalka mootada.
Wax ku oolnimada moduliyeyaasha iftiinka hore waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la tijaabiyay waqtiyada ogaanshaha ka qaybgalayaasha xaaladaha wadista adduunka ee dhabta ah [37].Waxaa la sheegay in muuqaalka mootooyinka ee darawallada kale ee baabuurta iyo wadayaasha ay kordheen markii laydhkooda hore ee yar yar la shiday xilliga maalintii.Markii nalka hore la damiyay, iska hor imaadka ka iman kara darawalka mootada ee ay la kulmeen wadayaasha kale iyo darawalada baabuurku wuu ka badnaa marka loo eego marka nalka hore la shido.Iyada oo ku saleysan daraasadda, waxaa caddaatay in marka la shido laydhka hore ee biraha sare iyo kuwa hooseeya, iyo sidoo kale beddelka nalalka hore ee labadaba maalintii iyo habeenkii labadaba ay si weyn u muujiyeen horumar xagga aragtida mootada.Isticmaalka laba DRLs ayaa la ogaaday inuu yahay habka ugu waxtarka badan ee Boqortooyada Midowday si kor loogu qaado muuqaalka mootooyinka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka caadiga ah ee nalka hore ee sida caadiga ah lagu rakibay mootooyinka, jaakada fluorescent iyo hal nalka orodka ah ayaa sidoo kale la ogaaday inay gacan ka geystaan muuqaalkamootada.Sidoo kale, Brendicke et al., [38] waxay barteen saamaynta isticmaalka iftiinka guud ee maalintii ee baabuurta iyo mootooyinka.Waxay ogaadeen in wax yar ka soo rayn aragga markii ay mootooyinka codsadeen DRL.
Daraasad ay samaysay Jenness et al., [39] waxay ku lug lahayd ururinta qiimaynta ka qaybgalayaasha ee ku saabsan wakhtiga la dareemayo si loo bilaabo u leexashada bidix ee jidka baabuurta imanaya oo baaray "waqtigii ugu dambeeyay ee badbaadada" si loo bilaabo u leexashada horteeda mootooyinka soo socda oo leh dhowriftiin horedaawayntaTijaabo, dareenka jawaab-bixiyeyaasha ayaa loo kala saaray laba hawlood oo muuqaal oo kala duwan oo ka baxsan gaadhiga.Waxaa jiray caddayn ah in dhacdooyinka xaddidan badbaadada gaaban ay hoos u dhaceen inta lagu jiro daawaynta iftiinka tijaabada ah.Guud ahaan, natiijadu waxay muujisay rajo wanaagsan, hab wax ku ool ah oo lagu dhimayo shilalka "u leexashada bidix ee waddada" iyadoo kor loo qaadayo iftiinka hore ee mootooyinka inta lagu jiro maalinta.
Xaaladda daacadnimada sare ee la isku ekaysiinayo dhexdeeda, Smither iyo Torrez [23] waxay qiimeeyeen saamaynta jinsiga, da'da, DRL-yada baabuurta iyo xaaladaha iftiinka mootada ee awoodda qofka si uu u arko mootada.Daraasadani waxay keentay in la qiimeeyomootooyinkaxaaladaha aragga, iyo falanqayn dheeraad ah ayaa sheegay in uu jiro farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya wakhtiga falcelinta ee mootooyinka ku qalabaysan DRLs iyo kuwa aan lahayn DRLs.Daraasadani waxay daaha ka qaaday in DRLs ay ahaayeen kuwo wax ku ool ah, sidoo kale waxay bixiyeen caddayn macquul ah oo lagu taageerayo hirgelinta DRLs mootada, waxay lama huraan u ahayd in mootada ay ka muuqato agagaarka.Marka lagu qalabeeyo mootada DRLs, way dhakhso badan tahay in la ogaado marka la barbar dhigo kuwa aan lahayn DRLs.
2. Saamaynta Mootada DRL ku leedahay Saamaynta Saamaynta inta lagu jiroShilalka Mootooyinka
Iyada oo ku saleysan falanqaynta shilalka mootooyinka ee Victoria, Australia, waxaa la ogaaday inay jiraan farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya noocyada kala duwan ee shilalka [40].Wuxuu ogaaday in muuqaalka mootooyinka oo wanaajiya ay yarayn karto shilalka mootada.Xogta ku saabsan mootooyinka DRL ee ku lug lahaa shilalka baabuurta badan intii u dhaxaysay 1976-77 ayaa la falanqeeyay [18].Marka la barbardhigo muunadda soo-gaadhista, 50% heerka shilka ayaa hoos loo dhigay markii laydhka hore la shaqaynayo, taas oo muujisay waxtarka isticmaalka nalka hore.Ku lug lahaanshaha shilka waa la dhimay markii nalalka madaxa la isticmaalo maalintii.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray hoos u dhac yar oo ku yimid saamiga aan caadiga ahayn ee la saadaaliyay muddada 1976 ilaa 1981;waxay keentay hoos u dhac ku dhow 5% gudahabaabuur badanshilalka maalintii.Sannadkii 1981-kii, waxa la qiyaasay in ilaa shan shil oo baabuur badan oo halis ah laga hortagay gudaha Maraykanka markii aan weli la dhaqan gelin sharciga isticmaalka nalka hore ee maalintii.Qiyaastii waxaa jiray inta u dhaxaysa 4.2 ilaa 5.6% hoos u dhaca shilalka mootada markii mootada maalintii la shaqaynayey.
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Falanqaynta foomamka macluumaadka taraafikada ee ay bixiso New South Wales (NSW), Saraakiisha Booliska Australia waxaa sameeyay Vaughan et al., [41].Sahanka, mooto kasta waxaa lagu eegay joogitaanka iyo maqnaanshaha isticmaalka nalalka madaxa.Ka mid ah 1104 mootada oo lagu cabbiray tijaabada Chi-square, waxaa jiray farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya isticmaalka laambadda iyo 402 mootooyin oo shilalka galay.Waxaa laga yaabaa inay ahayd in kuwa aad ugu baraarugsan badbaadada ay kiciyaan laydhkooda hore inta lagu jiro maalinta marka loo eego kuwa aan samayn.Wadayaasha mootada ee kooxda si aan kala sooc lahayn loo soo xulay, waxaa ku jiray wadayaasha mootada oo mar shil galay.Khatarta ka dhalan karta shilku waa saddex laab ka badan marka nalka hore aan la shaqayn.Nalalka hore ee shaqeeya ee maalintii waxay u muuqdaan hab waxtar leh oo waxtar leh si loo yareeyo heerka isku dhaca iyada oo la wanaajinayo muuqaalka mootada ee taraafikada.
3. Saamaynta Sharciyada DRLs ee Shilalka Mootooyinka
Allen [42], oo baaray shilalka shirkad bas, ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee sameeyay daraasad lagu ogaanayo waxtarka DRLs.Natiijadiisu waxay muujisay in isticmaalka DRL-yada qasabka ah ay hoos u dhigtay 40% heerka shilka halkii milyan oo mayl xaalad maalintii marka la barbar dhigo sanadka ka horreeya dhaqangelinta.Saamaynta sharciyada iftiinka iftiinka maalinta ee meelaha qaar ee Maraykanka ayaa la baadhay [43].Dalka Maraykanka, intii u dhaxaysay 1975-kii ilaa 1983-kii, waxa 14 gobol laga dhaqan galiyay sharci lagu shidayo laydhka hore ee mootooyinka iyo laydhka dambe ee mootada.Dhaqangelinta shuruucda ayaa soo bilaabatay 1967-kii markaasoo ay aad u kordheen isticmaalka mootooyinka, taas oo sidoo kale gacan ka geysatay shilalka badan ee mootooyinka.Dhaqangelinta sharciga ayaa sidoo kale waxaa sabab u ahaa caddaynta sii kordheysa ee isticmaalka maalintii ee nalka hore iyo nalalka dambe taasoo hagaajin lahayd.mootooyinkafiirsashada sidaas awgeed waxay yareysaa heerka shilka.Zador [43] ee dawladaha leh sharciyada la dhaqan geliyey, ayaa sidoo kale ogaaday hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid saamiga shilalka maalintii iyo shilalka wakhtiyada habeenkii.Falanqaynta dheeraadka ah waxay muujisay in 13% hoos u dhac ku yimid boqolkiiba shilalka mootada inta lagu jiro maalintii ee dawladaha leh sharciyada la fuliyay, marka la barbardhigo dawladaha aan samayn.Daraasadda oo dhan, waxaa jiray ilaa 30 dawladood oo aan dhaqan gelin sharciyada mootada laydhka hore ee maalintii.Haddii dhammaan dawladahan ay hirgeliyaan sharciyada, waxaa lagu qiyaasay in 140 kale oo dhimasho ahmootoshilalka waa laga fogaan karay.
Qiimaynta shilalka ayaa lagu qabtay Hindiya, Montana, Oregon, iyo Wisconsin si loo qiimeeyo waxtarka sharciga isticmaalka DRLs ka hor iyo ka dib fulinta sharciga [33].Si kastaba ha noqotee, Janoff et al., [33] waxay ku guuldareysteen inay dejiyaan xog la taaban karo oo u oggolaato kala duwanaanshaha caadiga ah sanadlaha ee shilalka saacadaha maalintii iyo habeenka tan iyo muddada cilmi-baarista (kahor iyo ka dib fulinta) waxay ahayd kaliya inta u dhaxaysa 6 ilaa 12 bilood .Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka isku dhafan, shilalka maalintii way yaraayeen marka loo eego shilalka waqtiga habeenkii ee Oregon, Wisconsin iyo Indiana.Marka la barbardhigo, heerka shilalka maalintii ayaa kordhay Montana.Sidaa darteed, Janoff et al.ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in muuqaalka mootooyinka uu kordho iyadoo la adeegsanayo laydh sare iyo mid hooseeyalaydhka horemaadaama uu hoos u dhacay heerka isku dhaca.
Sharciga "xadhka adag" ee Australiya 1982 ayaa lagu soo warramey inuu wax ku ool u yahay dhimista tirada shilalka mootada inta lagu jiro maalinta [44].Bijleved [44] ayaa sheegay daraasad ku saabsan saameynta DRLs ee mootooyinka ee Midowga Yurub, taas oo si gaar ah diiradda u saartay Austria sida sharciga cusub loo dhaqan geliyey 1982. Daraasad ku salaysan North Carolina, Waller iyo Griffin [45] ayaa la ogaaday. in heerka isku dhacyada baabuurta badan ee maalintii ay hoos u dhaceen ka dib markii sharciga laambada mootada la dhaqan galiyay.Saamaynta sharciga ee North Carolina waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la qiimeeyay xogta shilalka lix sano laga bilaabo 1972 ilaa 1976. Sebtembar 1, 1973, sharciga ayaa la dhaqan galiyay, wakhti dhaqdhaqaaqa mootada uu yaraa ka dib markii uu gaaray heerkii ugu sarreeyay bilaha xagaaga. .Boqolkiiba shilalka mootada ayaa la barbar dhigay boqolkiiba la mid ah dhammaan shilalka.Waxaa hoos u dhac weyn ku yimid shilalkaan ay ku lug lahaayeen mootooyinka kadib markii sharciga la dhaqan galiyay.Hoos u dhac la mid ah looma arag shilalka guud.Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in sharciga laambada mootada uu gacan ka geystay hoos u dhigista wanaagsan ee shilalka baabuurta badan ee iftiinka ah.
Saamaynta qasabka ahmooto nalka hore Isticmaalka Singapore ilaa Noofambar 1995 waxaa qiimeeyay Yuan [46].Ma jirin wax saameyn ah oo la taaban karo markii dhammaan shilalka la tixgeliyey.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii shilalka loo kala saaray heerar kala duwan oo darran, waxaa jiray saameyn muhiim ah kiisaska dhaawacyada halista ah iyo shilalka dhimashada, laakiin maaha shilal yaryar.Waxaa la soo jeediyay in hoos u dhaca weyn ee shilalka dhimashada iyo dhaawaca halista ah marka loo eego shilalka yaryar ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka nalalka iftiinka ee maalintii oo kordhiyey aragtida isticmaalayaasha waddooyinka marka uu shilku ku dhow yahay inuu dhaco, taas oo u sahashay inay jabaan wakhti dheer oo ay yareeyaan xawaaraha saamaynta [ 46].Waxa muuqatay in hoos u dhaca shilalka dilaaga ahi ay ahaayeen cadaymo dhab ah, maadaama heerka uu hoos uga dhacay celceliska sanadlaha ah ee ku dhawaad 40 ilaa 24 kaliya ka dib sanad fulinta sharciga.
Isku dhaca maalintii ee Galbeedka Australia gaar ahaan muuqaalka mootooyinka laga bilaabo 1989 ilaa 1994 waxaa daraasad ku sameeyay Rosman iyo Ryan [47].Xeerka Naqshadeynta Australiya (ADR 19/01) wuxuu dhaqan galay bilawgii 1992, kaas oo dhammaan mootooyinka cusub ay tahay in lagu diyaariyo nalal horudhac ah oo si toos ah shid marka mootada la isticmaalo.Waxaa jiray afar nooc oo shil shil ah oo la tixgeliyey: madaxa kor, dhinac u leexo jihada ka soo horjeeda, midig toos ah iyo xagal toosan.Wax yar ayaa la arkay shilalka maalintii ee u dhexeeya baabuurta iyo mootooyinka;si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma ahayn tirakoob ahaan muhiim.Tan waxa u sabab ah muunada yar ee mootooyinka cusub inta lagu jiro cilmi baadhista, iyo kor u kaca isticmaalka nalalka wakhtiga maalintii ee si ikhtiyaari ah ee wadayaasha mootada.
Adigoo isticmaalaya xogta NSW laga soo bilaabo 1992 ilaa 1995, falanqayn la mid ah waxaa sameeyay Attewell [48].Attewell ma uusan kala saarin shilalka la xiriira muuqalada iyo kuwa kale, laakiin kaliya wuxuu sameeyay isbarbardhigga tirada shilalka mootooyinka iyo shilalka mooto bajaajta ee sababay dhaawaca ama dhimashada darawaliinta mootada ee ka hor ama taariikhda ka dambeysay hirgelinta Australiyaanka. Xeerka Naqshadeynta (ADR 19/01).2% hoos u dhac ku yimid saamiga shilalka mootada iyo baabuurka ee dhammaan isku dhaca heerka darnaanta kala duwan ayaa muujisay in ADR ay leedahay saameyno dhowr ah.Saamaynta ayaa ka weyneyd shilalka dhimashada;si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay ahayd kaliya marka loo eego 16 shil oo dhimasho ah oo uu ku lug lahaa mashiinka ADR ee boostada.Dhawr sano ayaa laga joogaa in gobolo badan oo Maraykan ah ay dhaqan galiyeen sharciyo in mootada ay isticmaasho nalka hore ee maalintii.Kaliforniya waxay hirgelisay sharci u baahan dhammaan mootooyinka si ay u xaqiijiyaan nalalka horudhaca ee si joogto ah shidma marka mishiinku shido tan iyo 1972. Kaliya 1978 u hoggaansanaanta sharciga ayaa waxtar leh.Saamaynta isticmaalka sii kordhaya ee nalka hore ka hor iyo ka dib hirgelinta sharciga California ayaa la darsay [49].Saamiga aan caadiga ahayn ee dhimashada ayaa la go'aamiyay sannad kasta laga bilaabo 1976 ilaa 1981. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jirin qaab muhiim ah oo la helay, kaas oo Muller [49] daraasad kale uu ku qiimeeyay sharciga mootooyinka DRL ee California ayaa ballanqaaday in la yareeyo tirada shilalka maalintii.Natiijadu waxay heshay hoos u dhac yar oo ku yimid tirada shilalka baabuurta badan.Laydhka dhammaan baabuurta iyo mootooyinka waa in la shido maalintii gudaha Finland iyo Iswiidhan.Rumar [50] ayaa cilmi-baaris qiimeyn ah ku sameeyay DRL gudaha Iswiidhan.Natiijadiisu waxay muujisay in isticmaalka iftiinka iftiinka hooseeya ee wakhtiga maalintii ay maareyn doonto in la yareeyo tirada shilalka.Waxaa jiray hoos u dhac ku yimid shilalka baabuurta badan ee maalintii 32% iyo 4% habeenkii.Daraasadani waxay saamaysay isbeddelka sharci ee Iswidhan iyo dalal kale oo badan.
Iyada oo ku saleysan laba daraasadood oo Malaysiya ah si ay si hordhac ah u falanqeeyaan saameynta muddada-gaaban ee mootada DRLs, Radin Umar et al., [51] waxay ogaadeen hoos u dhac weyn oo ay jiraan shilal mootada dhowr ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, isla goobaha tijaabada shilalka la xiriira mootooyinka ayaa la falanqeeyay [51].Qaabka Radin wuxuu muujiyay in mooto DRL ay ku guulaysatay inay yarayso isku dhaca mootada ilaa 29%.
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Dood
Wadayaasha mootada waxay u nugul yihiin shilalka.Ilaalin la'aan awgeed, shilalka mootooyinka waxay keenaan dhaawacyo daran mar uu shil dhaco.Intaa waxaa dheer, maadaama dhibbanayaal badani ay yihiin dhallinyaro, shilalkani waxay caadi ahaan sababaan heerka dhimashada sare iyo kharashaadka dhaqaale ee bulsho ee kuwa sida daran u dhaawacmay.Tani waa sababta hoos u dhaca dhexdhexaadka ah ee tirada shilalka ay siin doonto faa'iidooyin la taaban karo dhibanayaasha iman kara iyo fayo-qabka bulsho-dhaqaale ee bulshada.
Khatarta sareeysa ee mootada shilalka badan ayaa had iyo jeer lala xiriiriyaa heerka hoose ee muuqaalka mootada.Sidaa darteed, waxa jirta muhiimad weyn oo ah in lala xidhiidho arrinta la xidhiidha miyir-qabka bulshada wadayaasha mootada si loogu qanciyo wadayaasha baabuurta inay ka digtoonaadaan mootooyinka soo socda.Daarida nalalka hore ee mootada waxay dammaanad qaadi doontaa inay ka duwanaan doonto gadaasha, inkastoo heerka iftiinka uu hooseeyo.Tani waxay wanaajin doontaa fursada lagu ogaanayo taas oo ku xidhan sifooyinka nidaamka muuqaalka, waxayna u sii jiri doontaa caawimo muuqaal shaqaynaysa mustaqbalka fog.Aragti ahaan, DRL waa hab lagu magdhabo rajada hoose iyo qiimaha bartilmaameedka hooseeya labadaba.DRLs waxay si dhab ah u soo bandhigi doonaan farqi xooggan kaas oo lagu arko asalka.
Dib u eegistani waxay soo koobaysaa in mootada DRLs ay waxtar u leedahay yaraynta shilalka mootada.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iska caabinta DRL-yada mootooyinka ee wadamada soo koraya iyo kuwa horumarayba ayaa wali ka dhacaya inkastoo la xaqiijiyay waxtarkooda.Dib-u-eeggani waxa kale oo uu muujinayaa in DRL-yada mootada aanay kordhinayn aragtida mootada, balse ay sidoo kale saamayn togan ku siinayso wakhtiga jawaabta wadayaasha kale.Sidaa darteed, Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Portugal iyo dalal kale oo badan, waa qasab in la shido nalalka mootada inta lagu jiro maalinta.Sababo la xiriira saamaynta togan ee kor u kaca muuqaalka isticmaalayaasha waddooyinka, DRL ayaa sidoo kale laga dhigay qasab wadayaasha baabuurta wadamo gaar ah.Dib u eegistani waa ururinta caddaynta hadda jirta ee ah in mootada DRL ay ka hortagi karto shilalka mootada.Qiimaynta la isku halayn karo ee waxtarka DRL ee mootada waxay ka caawin doontaa cilmi-baarista badbaadada waddooyinka, gaar ahaan suurtagalnimada kharashka lagu soo rogo sharciga DRL iyo dhaqangelinta wadamada heerka dhimashada mootada ay sareeyso.Warqadani waxay soo gabagabaysay in mootooyinka DRLs ay maamulaan si ay u yareeyaan khatarta isku dhaca qiyaastii 4 ilaa 20%.Dib-u-eegiddu waxay sidoo kale taageertaa fikradda ah in DRL-yada mootada ay tahay in si firfircoon loogu dhiirrigeliyo adduunka oo dhan si kor loogu qaado badbaadada kaniiniyada raacayaasha.
Khilaafka danaha: Midna lama sheegin.
Tixraacyo
1. Lin MR, Kraus JF.Dib u eegis ku saabsan arrimaha khatarta ah iyo qaababka dhaawacyada mootada.Acid dabada Prev.2009;41 (4):710–22.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Davoodi SR, Hamid H, Pazhouhanfar M, Mutart JW.Wakhtiga jawaab celinta garashada darawalka baaskiilka ee joojinta xaaladaha fogaanta aragga.Sayniska badbaadada.2012;50 (3):371–7.[Google aqoonyahan]
3. Rolison JJ, Hewson PJ, Hellier E, Hurst L. Khatarta mootooyinka awooda sare leh ee ka dhex jira dadka waaweyn ee da'da yar.Am J Caafimaadka Dadweynaha.2013;103(3):568–71.[PMC maqaal bilaash ah] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Davoodi SR, Hamid H. Baaskiil Baaskiil Baaskiil Dhiga Waxqabadka Joogsiga Xaaladaha Fog.Wargeyska Injineerka Gaadiidka.2013;139 (7):660–6.[Google aqoonyahan]
5. Maamulka Badbaadada Wadooyinka Qaranka.Xaqiiqooyinka Badbaadada Gaadiidka 2009: Isku-dubarid xogta shilalka baabuurka ee Nidaamka Warbixinta Falanqaynta Dhimashada iyo Nidaamka Qiyaasta Guud.Daabacaad hore.Washington, DC: Waaxda Gaadiidka Mareykanka, Maamulka Badbaadada Wadooyinka Qaranka;2010. Washington,DC: Xarunta Qaranka ee Tirakoobka iyo Falanqaynta, Waaxda Gaadiidka Maraykanka;2011. 20590 pp. [Google Scholar]
6. Beck LF, Dellinger AM, O'Neil ME.Heerarka dhaawaca shilalka baabuurka ee qaabka safarka, Maraykanka: iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab ku salaysan gaadhista si loo qiyaaso kala duwanaanshaha.Waxaan ahay J Epidemiol.2007;166(2):212–8.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Huang B, Preston J. Dib u eegis suugaaneed ku saabsan shilalka mootada: Warbixinta kama dambaysta ah.Jaamacadda Oxford: Qaybta Daraasaadka Gaadiidka;2004. [Google Scholar]
8. NHTSA .Xaqiiqooyinka Badbaadada Gaadiidka 2008. Washington, DC: Maamulka Badbaadada Wadooyinka Qaranka;2009. [Google Scholar]
9. DFT.Tirakoobka gaadiidka: Shilalka Wadooyinka Mootooyinka.Great Britain: Waaxda Gaadiidka;1998. [Google Scholar]
10. Zamani-Alavijeh F, Niknami S, Bazargan M, Mohammadi E, Montazeri A, Ahmadi F, iyo al.Dabeecadaha khatarta shilalka la xidhiidha ee la xidhiidha dhiirigelinta isticmaalka mootooyinka ee Iran: waddan ay ku badan tahay dhimashada taraafiggu.Gaadiidka Inj Prev.2009;10 (3):237–42.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Soori H, Royanian M, Zali AR, Movahedinejad A. Dhaawacyada taraafikada ee Iran: doorka waxqabadyada ay fuliyaan booliska taraafikada.Gaadiidka Inj Prev.2009;10 (4):375–8.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Ali M, Saeed MM, Ali MM, Haidar N. Go'aamiyay dhaqanka isticmaalka koofiyadda ee ka dhex shaqeeya wadayaasha mootooyinka ee Yazd, Iran oo ku salaysan aragtida habdhaqanka la qorsheeyay.Dhaawac2011;42 (9):864–9.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Manan MMA, Várhelyi A. Mootooyin ku dhintay Malaysia.IATSS cilmi.2012;36 (1):30–9.[Google aqoonyahan]
14. Salehi S, Hamid H, Arintono S, Hua LT, Davoodi SR.Saamaynta taraafikada iyo arrimaha waddooyinka ee aragtida badbaadada mootada.Talaabada ICE-gaadiidka.2012;166(5):289–93.[Google aqoonyahan]
15. Zargar M, Sayyar Roudsari B, Shadman M, Kaviani A, Tarighi P. Gaadiidka carruurta ee dhaawacyada la xidhiidha Tehran: lagama maarmaanka u ah hirgelinta hababka ka hortagga dhaawaca.Dhaawac2003;34 (11):820–4.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Forjuoh SN.Waxqabadyada ka hortagga dhaawaca ee la xiriira gaadiidka ee wadamada dakhligoodu hooseeyo.Inj Control Saf Promot.2003;10 (1-2):109–18.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Longthorne A, Varghese C, Shankar U. Shil mootada laba-gaari ah.Waaxda Gaadiidka Mareykanka, Maamulka Badbaadada Wadooyinka Qaranka;2007. [Google Scholar]
18. Dhaawacay HH, Ouellet J, Thom D. Sababaha Shilalka Mootooyinka iyo Aqoonsiga Tallaabooyinka: Lifaaqa.Vol.2.Maamulka;1981. [Google Scholar]
19. Bednar F, Billheimer J, McRea K, Sabol S, Syner J, Thom D. Badbaadada Baaskiilka.Gaadiidka TRB ee Taxanaha Waraaqaha Sannadka Cusub, A3B14.2000 [Google Scholar]
20. Pai CW.Shilalka wadada saxda ah ee baaskiilka - dib u eegista suugaanta.Acid dabada Prev.2011;43(3):971–82.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Olson PL.Milicsiga mootada ayaa dib loo eegay.Arrimaha Aadanaha: Joornaalka Arrimaha Aadanaha iyo Bulshada Ergonomics.1989;31 (2):141–6.[Google aqoonyahan]
22. Olson P, Halstead-Nussloch R, Sivak M. Horumarinta iyo tijaabinta farsamooyinka kordhinta muuqaalka mootooyinka iyo wadayaasha mootada.1979. [Google Scholar]
23. Smither JA, Torrez LI.Mootada mooto baaskiilada: saamaynta da'da iyo nalalka socda maalintii.Qodobbada Hum2010;52(3):355–69.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Thomson G. Kaalinta mooto baaskiilada hore ay ku leedahay shilalka waddooyinka.Falanqaynta Shilalka & Ka Hortagga.1980;12(3):165–78.[Google aqoonyahan]
25. Wulf G, Hancock P, Rahimi M. Baaskiilka mootada: qiimaynta iyo isku dhafka arrimaha saamaynta leh.J Badbaadada Res.1990;20(4):153–76.[Google aqoonyahan]
26. Herslund MB, Jorgensen NO.Eeg-laakin-ku guul-darraystay-in-la-arka-khaladaadka gaadiidka.Acid dabada Prev.2003;35(6):885–91.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Buuraha BL.Aragtida, muuqalka, iyo aragtida wadista.Aragtida1980 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Labbett S, Langham M. Tababarku waxa uu ka sii dari karaa dhibaatada.Talaabada 70-aad ee Ururka Boqortooyada ee Ka Hortagga Shilalka.Shirweynaha Badbaadada Wadooyinka;2005. [Google Scholar]
29. Langham M, Hole G, Edwards J, O'Neil C. Falanqaynta shilalka 'muuqda laakiin la arki waayay' ee ku lug leh baabuurta booliis ee la dhigto.Ergonomics.2002;45(3):167–85.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Langham M, McDonald N. Hadda waad i aragtaa, hadda ma i aragto.Tallaabooyinka Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Qaybta IPWEA NSW.2004. [Google Scholar]
31. Clabaux N, Brenac T, Perrin C, Magnin J, Canu B, Van Elslande P. Baaskiiladaha 'xawaaraha' iyo shilalka "u eeg-laakin-ku guuldareystay-in la-arko".Acid dabada Prev.2012;49:73–7.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Dahlstedt S. Isbarbardhigga qaar ka mid ah daawaynta muuqaalka mootada iftiinka.1986. [Google Scholar]
33. Janoff MS, Cassel A. Saamaynta mootada maalinta shuruucda iftiinka iftiinka ee shilalka mootada.1971. [Google Scholar]
34. Williams MJ, Hoffmann E. Mootada mootooyinka iyo shilalka gaadiidka.Falanqaynta Shilalka & Ka Hortagga.1979;11 (3):209–24.[Google aqoonyahan]
35. Donne GL.Cilmi baaris lagu sameeyay muuqaalka mootada iyo hirgelinteeda.1990. [Google Scholar]
36. Donne GL, Fulton EJ.Qiimaynta kaalmaynta muuqaalka maalmeed ee mootooyinka.1985. [Google Scholar]
37. Olson PL, Halstead-Nussloch R, Sivak M. Saamaynta hagaajinta mootooyinka/mootada muuqashada ee dabeecadda darawalnimada.Arrimaha Aadanaha: Joornaalka Arrimaha Aadanaha iyo Bulshada Ergonomics.1981;23(2):237–48.[Google aqoonyahan]
38. Brendicke R, Forke E, Schäfer D. Auswirkungen einer allgemeinen Tageslichtpflicht auf die Sicherheit motorisierter Zweiräder.VDI-Berichte.1994; (1159) [Google Scholar]
39. Jenness JW, Huey RW, McCloskey S, Singer J, Walrath J, Lubar E, iyo al.Mootada Mootada iyo Saamaynta Iftiinka Hore ee Kaaliyaha.2011. [Google Scholar]
40. Foldvary L. Habka lagu falanqeeyo shilalka isku dhaca: waxaa lagu tijaabiyay shilalka wadooyinka Fiktooriya ee 1961 iyo 1962. Cilmi-baarista Waddooyinka Australia.1967;3(3&4) [Google Scholar]
41. Vaughan RG, Pettigrew K, Lukin J. Baaskiil shilalka: Daraasad heerka labaad ah.Qaybta Cilmi-baarista Shilalka Gaadiidka-NSW Waaxda Gaadiidka.1977 [Google Scholar]
42. Allen MJ.Aragga iyo badbaadada waddooyinka.Philadelphia: Chilton;1970. [Google Scholar]
43. Zador PL.Sharciyada isticmaalka nalka hore ee mootooyinka iyo shilalka mootooyinka dilaaga ah ee Maraykanka, 1975-83.Am J Caafimaadka Dadweynaha.1985;75(5):543–6.[PMC maqaal bilaash ah] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Bijleveld FD.Wax ku oolnimada nalalka hore ee mootooyinka maalintii ee Midowga Yurub.Cilmi-baarista Waddooyinka Australia.1997:7–14.[Google aqoonyahan]
45. Waller PF, Griffin LI.Saamaynta mootada ayaa iftiimisa sharciga.Shir sannadeedka 21aad ee Ururka Maraykanka ee Daawooyinka Baabuurta.1977. [Google Scholar]
46. Yuan W. Wax ku oolnimada sharciga ' raacid-iftiin leh' ee mootooyinka gudaha Singapore.Acid dabada Prev.2000;32(4):559–63.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Rossman DL, Ryan GA.Saamaynta ADR 19/01 ee shilalka mootada-waqti-maalmeedka.Jaamacadda Galbeedka Australia;1996. [Google Scholar]
48. Attewell R. Qiimaynta Badbaadada Wadooyinka ee Laydhka Soconaya Maalintii ee Wareega Baabuurta.INSTAT Australia.Warbixinta Xafiiska Federaalka ee Badbaadada Wadooyinka;1996. [Google Scholar]
49. Muller A. Hawl maalmeedka nalka hore iyo dhimashada darawaliinta mootada.Falanqaynta Shilalka & Ka Hortagga.1984;16 (1):1–18.[Google aqoonyahan]
50. Rumar K. Iftiinka orodka maalinta ee Iswidhan-waxbarasho-horaadka iyo khibradaha.Bulshada Injineerada Gawaarida.1981 [Google Scholar]
51. Radin UR, Mackay MG, Hills BL.Qaabaynta shilalka mootooyinka la xidhiidha musqulaha ee Seremban iyo Shah Alam, Malaysia.Acid dabada Prev.1996;28(3):325–32.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Qaababka tixraacaada:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
Fiidiyowga tixraacaaga:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Maqaallo ka soo baxay WarsidahaGurmad& Dhaawaca halkan waxaa lagu bixiyaa ixtiraamka Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Trauma ee Jaamacadda Shiraz eeCilmiga Caafimaadka