ISilumkiso seSithuthi samaPolisa-Indlela entsha yoKhuseleko lweGosa
Iimpawu zeSilumkiso seSithuthi samaPolisa-Indlela entsha yoKhuseleko lweGosa
Kubekho iingxoxo ezininzi kule minyaka yakutsha nje malunga nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwezithuthi zamapolisa, ngelixa zisebenza kwaye zimile okanye zingenzi nto, kunye nokuthoba umngcipheko wokonzakala okunxulumene nokonakaliswa kwepropathi.Ukudityaniswa kweendlela kudla ngokuba yingqwalasela yale ngxoxo, ethathwa ngabanye njengeyona ndawo iphambili yengozi yezithuthi zogcino-mthetho (kwaye, eneneni, iindawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu kwizithuthi ezininzi).Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba amanyathelo ayathathwa ukunciphisa le mingcipheko.Kwinqanaba lolawulo, kukho imigaqo-nkqubo ethile kunye neenkqubo ezinokumiselwa.Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo ofuna nje ukuba izithuthi eziphuthumayo ziza kumisa ngokupheleleyo kwizibane ezibomvu ngelixa ziphendula kwaye ziqhubela phambili kuphela xa igosa linobungqina obubonakalayo bokuba i-intersection icacile inokunciphisa ukuphahlazeka kwi-intersections.Eminye imigaqo-nkqubo inokufuna i-siren evakalayo nangaliphi na ixesha isithuthi sihamba kunye nezibane zaso ezilumkisayo zisebenza ukwazisa ezinye izithuthi ukuba zihambe.Kwicala lokuvelisa inkqubo yesilumkiso, itekhnoloji ye-LED iphuhliswa ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili, ukusuka kwi-diode evelisa ukudala iinxalenye ezisebenza kakuhle neziqaqambe ngakumbi, kubavelisi bokukhanya besilumkiso benza isibonisi esibalaseleyo kunye noyilo lwe-optic.Isiphumo kukumila kwe-beam elula, iipateni, kunye nokuqina kwishishini elingazange lakubona ngaphambili.Abavelisi beenqwelo-mafutha zamapolisa kunye nee-upfitters nabo babandakanyeka kwiinzame zokhuseleko, ngobuchule babeka izibane ezilumkisayo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwisithuthi.Ngelixa kukho indawo eyongezelelekileyo yokuphucula ukwenza ukuba iinkxalabo zesiphambuka zinyamalale ngokupheleleyo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubuchwepheshe obukhoyo kunye neenkqubo zibonelela ngeendlela zokwenza iindlela zokuhlangana zikhuseleke ngokufanelekileyo kwizithuthi zamapolisa kunye nezinye izithuthi abadibana nazo endleleni.
Ngokutsho kukaLieutenant Joseph Phelps weRocky Hill, Connecticut, iSebe lamaPolisa (RHPD) ngexesha lokutshintsha kweeyure ezisibhozo, ixesha elichithwe ukuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokudlula kwiindlela zokukhanya kunye ne-sirens esebenzayo inokuba liqhezu lexesha elipheleleyo lokutshintsha. .Ngokomzekelo, uqikelela ukuba kuthabatha malunga nemizuzwana emihlanu ukususela ekungeneni komqhubi kwindawo eyingozi yesiphambuka ukuya kwixesha akhoyo.Kwi-Rocky Hill, i-14-square-mileur suburb yase-Hartford, e-Connecticut, kukho malunga nentlanu yeendlela ezinkulu phakathi kwesithili sokujikeleza esiqhelekileyo.Oku kuthetha ukuba ipolisa liya kuba nesithuthi salo kwindawo yengozi kangangesesekondi ezingama-25 xa zizonke kwi-avareji yokufowuna—ngaphantsi ukuba indlela yokusabela ayifuni kungena kuzo zonke.Imoto yokugada kule ndawo idla ngokuphendula kwiifowuni ezimbini okanye ezintathu zikaxakeka (“eshushu”) kwishifti nganye.Ukuphindaphinda la manani kunika i-RHPD ingcamango eqikelelweyo yokuba igosa ngalinye lichitha ixesha elingakanani lidlula kwiintlangano-ndlela ngexesha leshifti nganye.Kule meko, malunga nomzuzu we-1, kunye ne-15 imizuzwana kwi-shift-ngamanye amazwi, ngexesha lesibini seshumi sesinye ipesenti yokutshintsha imoto yokujikeleza ingaphakathi kulo mmandla wengozi.1
Imingcipheko yeNdawo yeNgozi
Noko ke, kukho omnye ummandla oyingozi ofumana ingqalelo.Lixesha isithuthi esilichitha simile kwitrafikhi nezibane zayo ezilumkisayo ziyasebenza.Iingozi kunye neengozi kule ndawo zibonakala zikhula, ngakumbi ebusuku.Ngokomzekelo, i-Figure 1 ithathwa kwi-highway camera video footage evela e-Indiana, ngoFebruwari 5, 2017. Umfanekiso ubonisa isiganeko kwi-I-65 e-Indianapolis equka isithuthi senkonzo ehlombe, isixhobo sokuhlangula umlilo kwindlela ye-3, kunye isithuthi samapolisa esivalela umgaqo 2. Ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba yintoni na isiganeko, izithuthi zikaxakeka zibonakala ngathi zivale izithuthi, ngelixa zigcina indawo yesiganeko ikhuselekile.Izibane zikaxakeka zonke ziyasebenza, isilumkiso esisondela kubaqhubi beemoto ngengozi-kusenokungabikho nayiphi na inkqubo eyongezelelweyo enokuthi ibekwe endaweni enokunciphisa imingcipheko yokungqubana.Nangona kunjalo, imizuzwana kamva, isithuthi samapolisa sibethwa ngumqhubi okhubazekileyo (Umfanekiso 2).
Umfanekiso woku-1
Umfanekiso wesi-2
Nangona i-crash kwi-Figure 2 yiphumo lokuqhuba kakubi, bekunokuthi kube lula ukubangelwa ukuqhubela phambili okuphazamisayo, imeko ekhulayo kule minyaka yezixhobo zeselula kunye nemiyalezo.Ukongeza kwezo ngozi, ngaba ubuxhakaxhaka bokukhanya obuhambela phambili bunokuba negalelo ekwandeni kweengozi zokungqubana nezithuthi zamapolisa ebusuku?Ngokwembali, inkolelo ibiyeyokuba izibane ezingakumbi, ukukhanya, kunye nobunzulu zidale umqondiso wesilumkiso obonakalayo ongcono, onokuthi unciphise izehlo zongquzulwano olungasemva.
Ukubuyela eRocky Hill, eConnecticut, ukumisa okuqhelekileyo kwetrafikhi kuloo ndawo kuhlala imizuzu eli-16, kwaye igosa linokumisa ezine okanye ezintlanu ngexesha lokutshintsha komndilili.Xa idityaniswe kwimizuzu engama-37 igosa leRHPD elidla ngokuyichitha kwiindawo zengozi kwishifti nganye, ngeli xesha endleleni okanye kwindawo eyingozi yendlela ifika kwiiyure ezimbini okanye i-24 ekhulwini yeeyure ezisibhozo zizonke—ixesha elingaphezulu kakhulu kunelo lichithwa ngamagosa ekudibaneni kweendlela. .2 Esi sixa sexesha asithatheli ngqalelo ulwakhiwo kunye neenkcukacha ezinxulumene noko ezinokukhokelela kwixesha elide ngakumbi kulo mmandla wesibini wengozi yesithuthi.Ngaphandle kwentetho emalunga nokudityaniswa kweendlela, iindawo zokumisa iinqwelo-mafutha kunye neendawo zengozi zisenokubangela ingozi enkulu ngakumbi.
Isifundo: Amapolisa aseMassachusetts State
Ngehlobo lika-2010, i-Massachusetts State Police (MSP) yaba neengozi ezisibhozo zongquzulwano ngasemva ezibandakanya izithuthi zamapolisa.Omnye wabulala, ebulala uMSP uSajini uDoug Weddleton.Ngenxa yoko, i-MSP yaqalisa uphononongo lokufumanisa ukuba yintoni na enokubangela ukwanda kwenani leemoto ezingasemva zongquzulwano kunye nezithuthi ezijikelezayo eziye zamiswa kumbindi welizwe.Iqela ladityaniswa nguSajini owayesakuba nguMark Caron kunye nomlawuli wezithuthi okhoyo ngoku, uSajini uKarl Brenner oquka abasebenzi be-MSP, abemi, abameli babavelisi kunye neenjineli.Eli qela lasebenza ngokuzibhokoxa ukuze lifumanise iziphumo zezibane ezilumkisayo kubaqhubi beemoto abasondelayo, kunye nemiphumo yeteyiphu eyongezelelekileyo encanyathiselwe ngasemva kwizithuthi.Bathathele ingqalelo izifundo zangaphambili ezazibonisa ukuba abantu bathanda ukujonga izibane eziqaqambileyo ezibonisa ukuba abaqhubi abanengxaki badla ngokuqhuba apho bajonge khona.Ukongeza ekujongeni uphando, baqhuba uvavanyo olusebenzayo, olwenzeka kwindawo yomoya evaliweyo eMassachusetts.Abafundi bacelwa ukuba bahambe ngesantya sendlela enkulu baze basondele kwisithuthi samapolisa esivavanyayo esasitsalwe ecaleni “kwendlela.”Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yemiqondiso yesilumkiso, uvavanyo lubandakanya ukukhanya kwemini kunye neemeko zasebusuku.Kuninzi lwabaqhubi ababandakanyekayo, ukukhanya kwezibane ezilumkisayo ebusuku kwabonakala kusiphazamisa ngakumbi.Umzobo wesi-3 ubonisa ngokucacileyo imiceli mngeni yobuzaza iipateni zokukhanya eziqaqambileyo ezinokubonisa kubaqhubi abasondelayo.
Abanye abantu kwakufuneka bajonge ecaleni xa besondela emotweni, ngoxa abanye bengakwazi ukuwasusa amehlo abo kwilitha eliluhlaza, elibomvu, nelilururu.Kwakhawuleza kwaqondwa ukuba isilumkiso sokukhanya kokukhanya kunye nesantya esifanelekileyo xa uphendula kwisiphambuka emini asifani nesantya esifana nesombane esifanelekileyo ngelixa isithuthi samapolisa simisiwe kuhola wendlela ebusuku.“Kwakufuneka bohluke, kwaye baqonde ngqo imeko,” utshilo uSgt.Brenner.3
Ulawulo lwezithuthi ze-MSP luvavanye iipateni ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zombane ukusuka kwiipatheni ezikhawulezayo, eziqaqambileyo ukuya ezicothayo, iipateni ezilungelelanisiweyo ngakumbi kuxinzelelo olusezantsi.Baye bade basusa isibane ngokupheleleyo kwaye bavavanya imibala yokukhanya engaguquguqukiyo.Enye inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yayikukunganciphisi ukukhanya ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba kungasabonakali lula okanye ukwandisa ixesha elithathayo xa usondela kubaqhubi beemoto ukuchonga inqwelo-mafutha.Ekugqibeleni bazinza kwipatheni yeflash yasebusuku eyayingumxube phakathi kokukhanya okuzinzileyo kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okudanyazayo.Izifundo zovavanyo zivumile ukuba zikwazile ukwahlula le patheni yeflash exutyiweyo ngokukhawuleza nangokusuka kumgama ofanayo nokhawulezayo, iphethini eqaqambileyo esebenzayo, kodwa ngaphandle kweziphazamiso ezibangelwa zizibane eziqaqambileyo ebusuku.Le yayiyinguqulelo eyayifuneka i-MSP ukuze iphunyezwe kwiindawo zokumisa izithuthi zamapolisa ebusuku.Nangona kunjalo, umngeni olandelayo waba yindlela yokuphumeza oku ngaphandle kokufuna igalelo lomqhubi.Oku bekubalulekile kuba kufuneka ucofe iqhosha elahlukileyo okanye uvule iswitshi eyahlukileyo ngokusekwe kwixesha lemini kunye nemeko ekhoyo inokuthatha ugqaliselo lwegosa lususe imiba ebaluleke ngakumbi yempendulo yengozi okanye yokumisa izithuthi.
I-MSP idibane nomboneleli wokukhanya okungxamisekileyo ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintathu zokukhanya ezisisiseko zokusebenza eziye zadityaniswa nenkqubo ye-MSP yovavanyo olongezelelweyo olusebenzayo.Imowudi entsha yokuphendula isebenzisa iipatheni ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene zokudanyaza okuluhlaza nokumhlophe ngendlela engadityaniswanga ngamandla apheleleyo.Indlela yokuphendula icwangciswe ukuba isebenze nangaliphi na ixesha izibane zesilumkiso zisebenza kwaye isithuthi siphumile "epakini."Injongo apha kukudala ukuqina okukhulu, umsebenzi, kunye nokunyakaza kweflash kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa isithuthi sibiza ilungelo lendlela kwindlela eya kwisiganeko.Indlela yesibini yokusebenza yindlela yokupaka emini.Emini, xa isithuthi sitshintshelwa epakini, ngelixa izibane ezilumkisayo zisebenza, imo yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza itshintsha kwi-flash ehambelanayo ngokupheleleyo kwipatheni yohlobo lwe-in / out.Zonke izibane ezidanyazayo ezimhlophe zirhoxisiwe, kunye nomva weisibaneibonisa ukukhanya okutshintshanayo kokukhanya okubomvu nokubhlowu.
Utshintsho ukusuka kwi-flash etshintshanayo ukuya kwi-in / out yohlobo lwe-flash yenzelwe ukucacisa ngokucacileyo imiphetho yesithuthi kunye nokudala "ibhloko" enkulu yokukhanya okudanyazayo.Umgama, ngakumbi ngexesha lemozulu embi, ipateni yombane wangaphakathi/ngaphandle yenza umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu ekuboniseni indawo yesithuthi endleleni eya kubaqhubi abasondelayo, kunokwenza iipatheni zokukhanya ezitshintshanayo.4
Isilumkiso sesithathu sendlela yokusebenza yokukhanya kwe-MSP yimowudi yepaki yasebusuku.Izibane ezilumkisayo zisebenza kwaye isithuthi sibekwe epakini ngelixa siphantsi kweemeko zokukhanya okuphantsi kwendawo engaphandle, ipateni yokukhanya yasebusuku iyaboniswa.Isantya sokudanyaza kwazo zonke izibane ezilumkisayo zeperimitha ezisezantsi sincitshiswa ukuya kutsho kuma-60 ngomzuzu, yaye ubushushu bazo buyehliswa kakhulu.IisibaneUtshintsho oludanyazayo kwipateni entsha eyenziweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Steady-Flash," ekhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okuphantsi kunye nokuqhwanyaza rhoqo kwi-2 ukuya kwi-3 imizuzwana.Ngasemva kweisibane, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu ukusuka kwimowudi yepaki yasemini iguqulwa ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-amber ekhanyayo ebusuku."Ekugqibeleni sinenkqubo yesilumkiso esithatha izithuthi zethu kwinqanaba elitsha lokhuseleko," kusho uSgt.Brenner.Ukususela ngo-Epreli 2018, i-MSP inezithuthi ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 endleleni exhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokukhanya ezisekelwe kwisilumkiso.Ngokutsho kukaSgt.Brenner, iimeko zokungqubana ngasemva kwezithuthi zamapolisa ezipakiweyo ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu.5
Izibane eziPhambili zeZilumkiso zoKhuseleko lweGosa
Isilumkiso sobuchwephesha bokukhanya abukhange buyeke ukuqhubela phambili nje ukuba inkqubo ye-MSP ibekwe endaweni.Iimpawu zesithuthi (umzekelo, izixhobo, izenzo zomqhubi, intshukumo) ngoku zisetyenziselwa ukusombulula inani lemingeni yokukhanya kwesilumkiso, okukhokelela ekongezeni kokhuseleko lwamagosa.Umzekelo, kukho ukukwazi ukusebenzisa isignali yocango lomqhubi ukurhoxisa isibane esikhutshwa kwicala lomqhubi.isibanexa ucango luvuleka.Oku kwenza ukuba ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwisithuthi kube lula kwaye kunciphisa iziphumo zokungaboni ebusuku kwigosa.Ukongezelela, kwimeko apho igosa kufuneka lithathe i-inshorensi emva komnyango ovulekileyo, ukuphazamiseka kwegosa elibangelwa yimisebe yokukhanya ebukhali, kunye nokukhanya okuvumela isifundo ukuba sibone igosa ngoku akukho.Omnye umzekelo kukusebenzisa isiginali yebhuleki yesithuthi ukuguqula umvaisibaneizibane ngexesha lokuphendula.Amagosa athathe inxaxheba kwimpendulo ye-multicar ayazi ukuba kunjani ukulandela imoto enezibane ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo kwaye zingakwazi ukubona izibane ze-brake ngenxa yoko.Kule modeli yezibane zesilumkiso, xa i-pedal ye-brake icinezelwe, izibane ezimbini ngasemvaisibanetshintsha ube bomvu ngokuzinzileyo, ukongeza izibane zebrake.Izibane ezishiyekileyo ezijonge ngasemva ezilumkisayo zinokufihlwa ngaxeshanye okanye zirhoxiswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi isignali ye-braking ebonakalayo.
Noko ke, ukuhambela phambili nako kuhambisana nocelomngeni.Omnye wale mingeni kukuba imigangatho yoshishino ayiphumelelanga ukuhambisana nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji.Kwibala lesilumkiso kunye ne-siren, kukho imibutho emine ephambili eyenza imigangatho yokusebenza: i-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE);iMigangatho yoKhuseleko lweMoto ye-Federal (FMVSS);i-Federal Specification ye-Star of Life Ambulance (KKK-A-1822);kunye neNational Fire Protection Administration (NFPA).Nganye kwezi ziko ineemfuno zayo njengoko zisingisele kwiinkqubo zokulumkisa malunga nokuphendula izithuthi zikaxakeka.Zonke zineemfuno ezijolise ekuhlangabezaneni nenqanaba elisezantsi lokukhutshwa kokukhanya kwizibane ezidanyazayo ezidanyazayo, eyayingundoqo xa imigangatho yayiphuhliswa okokuqala.Kwakunzima kakhulu ukufikelela kumanqanaba okukhanya okulumkisayo okusebenzayo kunye nemithombo ye-halogen kunye ne-strobe flash.Nangona kunjalo, ngoku, isibane esincinci se-5-intshi yesibane esivela kuyo nayiphi na isilumkiso esiveliswa ngabavelisi bokukhanya sinokukhupha amandla afanayo njengoko isithuthi siphela kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.Xa i-10 okanye i-20 yazo ifakwe kwisithuthi esiphuthumayo esimiswe ebusuku ecaleni kwendlela, izibane zinokuthi zenze imeko engakhuselekanga ngaphantsi kwemeko efanayo kunye nemithombo yokukhanya endala, nangona ihambelana nemigangatho yokukhanyisa.Oku kungenxa yokuba imigangatho ifuna kuphela inqanaba lokuqina elisezantsi.Ngexesha lenjikalanga yelanga eliqaqambileyo, izibane eziqaqambileyo eziqaqambileyo zifanelekile, kodwa ebusuku, ngokukhanya okuphantsi kokukhanya okuphantsi, ipateni yokukhanya efanayo kunye nobunzulu busenokungabi lolona khetho lulungileyo okanye olukhuselekileyo.Okwangoku, akukho nanye kwiimfuno zokukhanya ezilumkileyo ezivela kule mibutho ezithathela ingqalelo ukukhanya kwe-ambient, kodwa umgangatho otshintshayo ngokusekelwe kukukhanya okujikeleze kunye nezinye iimeko ekugqibeleni unokunciphisa oku kungqubana okungasemva kunye neziphazamiso kwibhodi yonke.
Ukuqukumbela
Sihambe umgama omde ngexesha nje elifutshane, xa kuziwa kukhuseleko lwesithuthi sikaxakeka.Njengoko uSgt.UBrenner uthi,
Umsebenzi wamagosa ajikelezayo kunye nabaphenduli bokuqala unobungozi ngokwendalo kwaye kufuneka bazibeke engozini ngexesha lotyelelo lwabo.Le teknoloji ivumela ukuba igosa ligxininise ingqalelo yakhe kwisongelo okanye imeko kunye negalelo elincinci kwizibane eziphuthumayo.Oku kuvumela iteknoloji ukuba ibe yinxalenye yesisombululo endaweni yokongeza ingozi.6
Ngelishwa, uninzi lweearhente zamapolisa kunye nabalawuli bezithuthi banokungazi ukuba kukho iindlela ezikhoyo zokulungisa eminye yemingcipheko eseleyo.Eminye imiceli mngeni yenkqubo yesilumkiso isenokulungiswa lula ngobuchwephesha bale mihla-ngoku ekubeni isithuthi ngokwaso sinokusetyenziselwa ukuguqula iimpawu zesilumkiso ezibonwayo nezivakalayo, okunokwenzeka akupheli.Ayanda amasebe abandakanya iinkqubo zokulumkisa eziguquguqukayo kwizithuthi zawo, ebonisa ngokuzenzekelayo oko kufanelekile kwimeko enikiweyo.Isiphumo kukuba izithuthi zikaxakeka ezikhuselekileyo kunye nemingcipheko ephantsi yokwenzakala, ukufa, kunye nomonakalo wepropathi.
Umfanekiso wesi-3
Amanqaku:
1 uJoseph Phelps (u-lieutenant, Rocky Hill, CT, iSebe lePolisa), udliwano-ndlebe, ngoJanuwari 25, 2018.
2 Phelps, udliwano-ndlebe.
I-3 uKarl Brenner (i-sargeant, i-Massachusetts State Police), udliwano-ndlebe lomnxeba, ngo-Januwari 30, i-2018.
I-4 u-Eric Maurice (umphathi wentengiso wangaphakathi, iWhelen Engineering Co.), udliwano-ndlebe, ngoJanuwari 31, 2018.
5 Brenner, udliwano-ndlebe.
6 Karl Brenner, i-imeyile, ngo-Januwari 2018.