Indima yezibane ezibalekayo zesithuthuthu ekunciphiseni iingozi zeSithuthuthu ngeMini;Uphononongo loncwadi lwangoku
Indima yeIsithuthuthuUkubalekaIzibaneekuNciphiseniIingozi zesithuthuthungexesha lasemini;Uphononongo loncwadi lwangoku
Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Abstract
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zothutho,ukukhwela isithuthuthuutyekele kwiingozi.Abaqhubi bezithuthuthu babonakala kakhulu kukwenzakala emzimbeni kunabaqhubi bemoto.Iingozi ezininzi zezithuthuthu zezithuthi ezininzi zenzeka, kukho ukunyhashwa kwelungelo lendlela okwenzekayo apho enyeisithuthiukujika phambi kwesithuthuthu, okanye ukuwela ngequbuliso kwindlela yesithuthuthu esiza.Enye into ephambili ekhokelela kumlinganiselo ophezulu weiingozi zesithuthuthukukunqongophala kokubonakala kweizithuthuthungabanye abasebenzisi bendlela ingakumbi ngexesha lokuhamba kwemini.Eli phepha liqaqambisa izifundo zangaphambili ekuphunyezweni kwezithuthuthu DRLs, kugxininiswe ekusebenzeni kweDRLsukuphucula ukubonakala kwesithuthuthu.Eli phepha liphonononga iimpembelelo zeDRL ngabakhweli bezithuthuthu kwingozi yezithuthuthu ezininzi.Iindidi ezithathu zeziphumo zeisithuthuthuIi-DRL zahlaziywa.Lonke uncwadi, oluxhasa ukuba izibane ezisebenzayo ngexesha lasemini lubonakala lunempembelelo kunye nendlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa izinga lokuntlitheka.ukuphucula ukubonakala kwesithuthuthukwitrafikhi.I-DRL yesithuthuthu ikwazile ukunciphisa malunga ne-4 ukuya kwi-20% yengozi yokuphahlazeka kwezithuthuthu.Eli phepha likwacebisa ukubaisithuthuthu DRLskufuneka isetyenziswe kwihlabathi jikelele, ngakumbi kumazwe aneengozi eziphezulu zesithuthuthu ukuyaukuphucula ukhuseleko lwabakhwelikwakunye nabakhweli bazo.
Amagama angundoqo: Ukuthintela ukwenzakala,Iingozi zendlela, ukukhanya kwasemini, ukhuseleko lwabakhweli, ukuntlitheka kwesithuthuthu
Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Intshayelelo
Izithuthuthu yindlela yothutho enomdla, kodwa inezinga eliphezulu leengozi ezibulalayo kumazwe aphuhlileyo nasakhulayo [1,2].U-Rolison et al., [3] uxele ukuba ukufa kunye nezinga lokwenzakala phakathi kwabakhweli bezithuthuthu kunye nabakhweli babo bepillion lelona liphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abasebenzisi bendlela.Izinga lokufa komqhubi wesithuthuthu ngekhilomitha nganye ehambayo kuqikelelwa ukuba ubuncinane ngamaxesha angama-10 aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nomkhweli wemoto [4-7].Ngokuphikisana neabaqhubi bezithuthuthu' umfanekiso odumileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo liqela elibuthathaka labasebenzisi bendlela.INational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [8] inike ingxelo yokuba eUnited States, i-13% yeengozi zendlela zizonke zichazwe ngabakhweli bezithuthuthu, apho i-4,462 yabakhweli bezithuthuthu ezibandakanya ukufa kunye ne-90,000 yabakhweli bezithuthuthu benzakala.Elo yaba lizinga eliphezulu leengozi, ngelixa izithuthuthu zenziwe kuphela yi-3% yazo zonke izithuthi ezibhalisiweyo kwaye i-akhawunti ye-0.4% kuphela yazo zonke iimayile zezithuthi ezihanjiweyo.Lilonke inani labakhweli bezithuthuthu ababandakanyeka kwiingozi liye landa ngaphezu kwama-50% ukusuka kuma-2294 ngowe-1998 ukuya kuma-5290 ngowama-2008. abonzakeleyo ngexesha leengozi zendlela yayingabakhweli bezithuthuthu [9].Kumazwe asakhasayo, imeko iyafana.Inxalenye enkulu yeengozi zendlela ezibandakanya ukufa kunye nokwenzakala kakhulu kuninzi phakathi kwabaqhubi bezithuthuthu [1,10].E-Iran, izibalo zokufa zibonise ukuba abantu abayi-5000 bafa kwaye i-70,000 yenzakala kwiingozi zezithuthuthu [11,12].IMalaysia iphakathi koMbutho weZizwe eziMazantsi mpuma Asia (ASEAN) amazwe anelona zinga liphezulu lokufa kwaye ngaphezu kwe-50 yeepesenti yokufa ezindleleni kuphakathi kwabakhweli bezithuthuthu [13,14].Ukongeza, ekubeni abantwana, abakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabemi bezoqoqosho abasebenzayo babandakanyeka kakhulu kwiingozi zezithuthuthu, ingqwalasela enkulu ibhekiswa kolu hlobo lwengozi ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokulahleka kobomi kunye neendleko ezibandakanyekayo [15,16].
Kwaxelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-50% yeengozi zesithuthuthu zenzeke ngexesha lemini, ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo olubulalayo lweemoto ezimbini phakathi kwesithuthi somkhweli kunye nesithuthuthu [17].Conspicuity ligama elisetyenziswa ukuchaza umthamo wabanye abasebenzisi bendlela ukuze babone kwaye baqaphele ubukho besithuthuthu.Iingxelo malunga nokuntlitheka kwezithuthuthu zibonelele ngobungqina bokuba izithuthuthu azizange zibonwe ngabanye abaqhubi bezithuthi, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuhamba kwezithuthi kunye nebala elibonakalayo elinzima.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha abaye babandakanyeka kwingozi yemoto-izithuthuthu bathi abazange bakwazi ukuyithintela loo ngozi kuba bengaziboni izithuthuthu nabakhweli bazo okanye bazibone sele kusemva kwexesha [7].Uninzi lweemeko apho abaqhubi behluleka ukuchonga isithuthuthu ngexesha lokuphazamiseka ngenxa yobukho beminye imiqobo ethintela imbono yomqhubi, njengokudlula i-traffic, i-landscape okanye ngaphakathi kwesithuthi ngokwayo [18,19].Abaphandi baye babika ukuba uninzi lweengozi zangaphambili zibangelwa kukunqongophala kokubonakala kwesithuthuthu sangaphambili okanye isigqibo esibi sekhohlo sojiko somsantsa ngabanye abaqhubi [20-23].
Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Xa kuthelekiswa neemoto kunye neelori, izithuthuthu azibonakali kangako kwabanye abasebenzisi bendlela.Ngaphaya koko, kunzima ngakumbi ukubhaqa kunye nokumisela isantya abasondela ngaso, nto leyo enegalelo elikhulu kwizinga eliphezulu lokufa kwezithuthuthu.Uninzi lweziganeko zokuphahlazeka kwezithuthuthu zingabangelwa ngabanye abaqhubi, abanokuthi babengayazi izithuthuthu de kube sekupheleni [23-25].Le meko ibizwa ngokuba yi "jong-but-failed-to-see" (LBFS) phenomenon [26-31].Ukunciphisa izinga lokuntlitheka kwezithuthuthu, kucetywe izibane ezibalekayo zaseDaytime (DRLs) ukuze kuthotywe le ngxaki.Eli phepha ligxininisa izifundo zangaphambili ekuphunyezweni kwe-DRLs yesithuthuthu, egxininisa ekusebenzeni kwe-DRLs ukuphucula ukubonakala kwesithuthuthu.
Impahla nenkqubo
Ukuvavanya iimpembelelo ze-DRL ngokusekelwe kuncwadi olukhoyo, i-database ekhethiweyo kunye ne-intanethi yasetyenziswa.Iziphumo ze-DRL zahlaziywa.Iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zoncwadi zichongiwe ukuvavanya izifundo zexabiso kunye nezinye iingxelo ezibalulekileyo kwiimpembelelo zesithuthuthu DRL.
1. Impembelelo yesithuthuthu i-DRL kwi-motorcycle conspicuity
2. Impembelelo yesithuthuthu i-DRL kwizinto ezichaphazelayo ngexesha leengozi zesithuthuthu
3. Impembelelo yemithetho yesithuthuthu yeDRL kwiingozi zezithuthuthu
1. Impembelelo yesithuthuthu DRL kwiIsithuthuthuConspicuity
Ngokusekwe kwiingxelo ngovavanyo oluninzi kunye nezifundo zelabhoratri, izithuthuthu ezine-DRL zibonakala ngakumbi kunezithuthuthu ezingenazo [32-34].Ukuvavanya ukubonakala kwezibane zentloko ezininzi zabakhweli bezithuthuthu, uDonne [35] uqhube umfuniselo wentsimi ngokuxhomekeke kubuninzi baso isithuthuthu sabhaqwa saza sabonwa.Uvavanyo lwalusekwe kwingcinga yokuba abaqhubi ngamanye amaxesha basilela ukubona izithuthuthu ezingaxhotyiswanga naluphi na uncedo olucacileyo.Ukusuka kuhlalutyo, kubonise ukuba ukubonakala kwesithuthuthu kuye kwaphuculwa ukusuka kwi-53.6% ukuya kwi-64.4% (kwi-40w, i-180 mm ye-headlamp).Iinkcukacha zee-DRLs zavavanywa, kwaye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba izibane ezibini, kunye nezibane ezingaphezu kwe-180 mm ububanzi zineempembelelo ezingaphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezibane zobukhulu obunye okanye ezincinci [36].
UWilliams noHoffmann [34] baqhube umfuniselo waselabhoratri kuzo zombini iimeko zemini nobusuku.Bafumanisa ukuba ukucaca ngokupheleleyo kwaphucuka xa izithuthuthu zixhotyiswe ngemiqadi ephezulu nephantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthuthu ezingenakukhanya.Ibonise ukuba isithuthuthu iDRL iphucule ukubonakala komqhubi wesithuthuthu ngokwandisa umahluko phakathi kwesithuthuthu kunye nemvelaphi yakhe.
Ngokusekwe kuphononongo olwenziwe e-Australia nase-United States, apho imigaqo-nkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwezibane zentloko sele iphunyeziwe, uThomson [24] wenza uphando olufanayo eNew Zealand ukuvavanya ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibane zangaphambili emini kuya kuba nako.ukunciphisa iingozi zesithuthuthu.Iziphumo zibonise ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokusetyenziswa kwe-headlight ngexesha lemini kufuneka ukhuthazwe ukuba unyanzeliswe eNew Zealand, nangona kungeyomfuneko ukuba abaqhubi bezithuthuthu batshintshe izibane ngexesha lemini.Umgaqo-nkqubo uya kuphucula ukubonakala kwezithuthuthu kwaye unciphise iingozi zezithuthuthu.
Ukusebenza kweemodyuli zezibane zamvandlakanywa ngokuvavanya amaxesha okuchongwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimeko zokuqhuba zelizwe lokwenyani [37].Kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba ukubonakala kwezithuthuthu ngabanye abaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha nabaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha kuye kwanda xa kulayitwa izibane zabo zangaphambili ebudeni bemini.Xa kwacinywa isibane, ungquzulwano olunokubakho nomkhweli wezithuthuthu lwasekunene olufunyanwa ngabanye abaqhubi beemoto kunye nabaqhubi beemoto lwaluphezulu xa kuthelekiswa naxa kwalayitwa isibane sangaphambili.Ngokusekwe kuphononongo, kwacaca ukuba ngokuguqula izibane eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi, kunye nokumodareyitha izibane ngexesha lasemini nasebusuku kubonise kakhulu ukuphucuka kokubonakala kwesithuthuthu.Ukusetyenziswa kwee-DRL ezimbini kwafunyaniswa ukuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo e-United Kingdom ukunyusa ukubonakala kwezithuthuthu.Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa okusemgangathweni kwesibane sentloko esihlala sifakwe kwizithuthuthu, ijacket ye-fluorescent kunye nesibane esibalekayo esinye sikwafunyaniswa ukuba negalelo ekubonakaleni kwesibane.umqhubi wesithuthuthu.Kwakhona, uBrendicke et al., [38] wafunda iziphumo zokusebenzisa ukukhanya okubalekayo kwasemini ngokubanzi kwiimoto kunye nezithuthuthu.Bafumanise ukuba kukho ukuphucuka okuncinci kwimbonakalo xa izithuthuthu zisebenzisa iDRL.
Uphononongo olwenziwe nguJenness et al., [39] lubandakanya ukuqokelelwa kovavanyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwixesha elicingelwayo lokuqalisa ukujika ngasekhohlo kwindlela yezithuthi ezingenayo kwaye bavavanye “umzuzu wokugqibela okhuselekileyo” ukuqala ukujikela phambi kwezithuthuthu ezingenayo nezininzi.ukukhanya phambiliunyango.Kuvavanyo, ingqwalasela yabaphenduli yahlulwa yaba yimisebenzi emibini eyahlukeneyo ebonakalayo ngaphandle kwesithuthi.Bekukho ubungqina bokuba ukwenzeka kwemida yokhuseleko olufutshane kwancitshiswa ngexesha lovavanyo lonyango lokukhanya.Ngokuqhelekileyo, isiphumo sabonisa indlela ethembisayo nesebenzayo yokunciphisa iingozi “zokujika ngasekhohlo” ngokuphucula ukukhanya okuya phambili kwezithuthuthu emini.
Kwimeko elinganisiweyo yokuthembeka okuphezulu, uSmither noTorrez [23] bavavanye iimpembelelo zesini, ubudala, iiDRL zesithuthi kunye neemeko zokukhanyisa zesithuthuthu kubuchule bomntu bokubona isithuthuthu.Olu phononongo lube nesiphumo sovavanyo lweyezithuthuthuiimeko ezibonakalayo, kunye nohlalutyo olongezelelweyo lukhankanye ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwexesha lokusabela kwizithuthuthu ezixhotyiswe ngee-DRLs kunye nezo zingenayo i-DRL.Olu phononongo ludize ukuba ii-DRLs ziyasebenza, kwaye zikwabonelela ngobungqina obubambekayo bokuxhasa ukuphunyezwa kwezithuthuthu DRLs, kwakubalulekile ukuba isithuthuthu sibonakale kwindawo ezisingqongileyo.Ngokuxhobisa isithuthuthu ngee-DRLs, kuyakhawuleza ukuyibona xa kuthelekiswa nezo zingenayo ii-DRL.
2. Impembelelo ye-Motorcycle DRL kwi-Impact Factors ngexeshaIiNgozi zesithuthuthu
Ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo lweengozi zesithuthuthu eVictoria, eOstreliya, kwafunyaniswa ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengozi [40].Ufumanise ukuba ukuphuculwa kokubonakala kwezithuthuthu kunokunciphisa iingozi zezithuthuthu.Idatha kwizithuthuthu i-DRL ebandakanyekayo kwiingozi zemoto ezininzi phakathi kwe-1976-77 ihlalutywe [18].Xa kuthelekiswa nesampulu yokuvezwa, i-50% yezinga lengozi yancitshiswa xa i-headlight iqhutywe, ebonisa uncedo lokusetyenziswa kwe-headlight.Ukubandakanyeka kwengozi kwancitshiswa xa kusetyenziswa izibane zentloko emini.Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuhla okungephi kumlinganiselo ongaqhelekanga owawuxelwe kwangaphambili kwixesha lika-1976 ukuya ku-1981;kukhokelele ekwehleni malunga ne-5% kwiizithuthi ezininziukungqubana ngexesha lasemini.Ngo-1981, kwaqikelelwa malunga neengozi ezihlanu zeenqwelo-mafutha ezininzi eziye zathintelwa eUnited States xa umthetho wokusetyenziswa kwezibane ngexesha lasemini wawungekanyanzeliswa.Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-4.2 ukuya kwi-5.6% ukuthotywa kwezithuthuthu kuye kwathotywa xa kwakuqhutywa izibane zasemini zesithuthuthu.
Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Uhlalutyo lweefomu zolwazi lwezithuthi ezinikezelwe yiNew South Wales (NSW), amaPolisa ase-Australia aqhutywe nguVaughan et al., [41].Kuphando, isithuthuthu ngasinye sajongwa ukuba kukho okanye ukungabikho kokusetyenziswa kwezibane zentloko.Phakathi kwezithuthuthu ze-1104 ezilinganiswe ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwe-Chi-square, kwakukho umehluko omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwe-headlamp kunye ne-402 izithuthuthu ezibandakanyeka kwiingozi.Mhlawumbi yayikukuba abo babeluphaphele ngakumbi ukhuseleko babenokukhanyisa izibane zabo emini kunabo bangazisebenzisiyo.Phakathi kwabakhweli bezithuthuthu beqela elikhethwe ngokungenamkhethe, kwakukho abakhweli bezithuthuthu ababekhe babandakanyeka kwiingozi.Umngcipheko wokubandakanyeka kwingozi ujikeleze ngokuphindwe kathathu ngaphezulu xa izibane zangaphambili zingasetyenziswa.Izibane ezisebenzayo ngexesha lasemini zibonakala ziyimpembelelo kwaye yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa isantya sontlitheko ngokuphucula ukubonakala kwesithuthuthu kwizithuthi.
3. Impembelelo yeMithetho yeDRLs kwiiNtshontsho zeziThuthuthu
U-Allen [42], ovavanye iingozi zenkampani yebhasi, ubephakathi kwabokuqala ukwenza uphononongo lokujonga ukusebenza kweDRLs.Ukufumanisa kwakhe kubonise ukuba ngokwenza ukusetyenziswa kwe-DRLs okunyanzelekileyo kwancitshiswa nge-40% izinga lokuphahlazeka ngeekhilomitha ezili-million kwiimeko zemini xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ngaphambi kokunyanzeliswa.Iimpembelelo zemithetho yokukhanya kwemini kwezinye iindawo eUnited States zavavanywa [43].EUnited States, phakathi kowe-1975 ukusa kowe-1983, kumazwe ali-14 kwanyanzeliswa umthetho wokukhanyisa izibane zangaphambili nezibane ezisemva ngalo lonke ixesha.Ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho kwaqala ngo-1967 xa kukho ukwanda okumangalisayo kokusetyenziswa kwezithuthuthu, nto leyo ekwanegalelo kwinani eliphezulu leengozi ezibandakanya izithuthuthu.Ukunyanzeliswa kwalo mthetho kwakungenxa yokwanda kobungqina bokusetyenziswa kwezibane zangaphambili kunye nezibane zasemva kwasemini ezinokuthi ziphucule.yezithuthuthungoko ke kunciphisa izinga lengozi.I-Zador [43] yamazwe anemithetho enyanzelisiweyo, ikwafumanise ukuhla okubalulekileyo kumlinganiselo weengozi zasemini ukuya kwasebusuku.Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lubonise ukuba kukho ukuhla nge-13% kwipesenti yeengozi zezithuthuthu ngexesha lasemini kumazwe anemithetho ephunyeziweyo, xa kuthelekiswa namazwe angazange ayenze.Kulo lonke uphononongo, bekukho malunga nama-30 amazwe angazange anyanzelise imithetho yezibane zasemini zesithuthuthu.Ukuba onke la mazwe ebeyiphumeza le mithetho, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-140 kwababulalayoisithuthuthuukungqubana ngekuphetshwe.
Uvavanyo lokuphahlazeka lwenziwa eIndiya, eMontana, eOregon, naseWisconsin ukuvavanya ukusebenza kommiselo wokusetyenziswa kwesithuthuthu DRLs phambi nasemva kokuthotyelwa komthetho [33].Nangona kunjalo, uJanoff et al., [33] akaphumelelanga ukuseka iseti yekhonkrithi yedatha kunye nokuvumela ukuguquguquka okuqhelekileyo konyaka kokuphazamiseka kwexesha lemini nobusuku ukususela ngexesha lophando (ngaphambi nasemva kokunyanzeliswa) kuphela phakathi kwe-6 ukuya kwiinyanga ze-12. .Ngokusekwe kwimixube efunyenweyo, iingozi zemini bezincinci xa kuthelekiswa neengozi zasebusuku eOregon, Wisconsin naseIndiana.Ngokuthelekisa, izinga leengozi zemini liye landa eMontana.Ke ngoko, uJanoff et al.Ugqibe kwelokuba ukwanda kwesithuthuthu kunyuswa ngokusetyenziswa komqadi ophakamileyo nophantsiizibane zentlokonjengoko bekukho ukuhla kwezinga lokutshayisana.
Umthetho we-Austrian we-1982 "wocingo olunzima" wachazwa ukuba usebenza ekunciphiseni inani lokungqubana kwezithuthuthu ngexesha lasemini [44].Bijleved [44] ingxelo yophononongo ngesiphumo DRLs ngezithuthuthu kwi-European Union, nto leyo egxile Austria njengoko umthetho wawusanda ukunyanzeliswa 1982. Kuphononongo olusekelwe North Carolina, Waller and Griffin [45] wafumanisa ukuba izinga lokutshayisana kwezithuthi ezininzi emini liye lancitshiswa emva kokuba kunyanzeliswe umthetho wezibane zezithuthuthu.Isiphumo somthetho eNorth Carolina savavanywa ngokuvavanya idatha yokuphahlazeka kwexesha leminyaka emithandathu ukusuka kwi-1972 ukuya kwi-1976. NgoSeptemba 1, 1973, umthetho wanyanzeliswa, ngexesha apho umsebenzi wezithuthuthu wawuncipha emva kokufikelela kwincopho yayo kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni. .Ipesenti yokungqubana kwezithuthuthu ithelekiswe nepesenti efanayo kuzo zonke iingozi.Zehlile kakhulu ezi ngozi zibandakanya izithuthuthu emva kokuba umthetho uphunyeziwe.Unciphiso olufanayo alukhange lubonwe kukonke ukungqubana.Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo, kwagqitywa ukuba umthetho wesibane sezithuthuthu ube negalelo ekunciphiseni okulungileyo ekuntlithekeni kweemoto ezininzi emini.
Impembelelo yesinyanzeloIsibane esikhulu sesithuthuthu ukusetyenziswa e Singapore ukususela ngoNovemba 1995 yavavanywa yi Yuan [46].Kwakungekho siphumo sibalulekileyo xa zonke iingozi zithathelwa ingqalelo.Nangona kunjalo, xa iingozi zahlelwa ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yobunzima, bekukho isiphumo esibalulekileyo kwizehlo zomonzakalo ezimandundu kunye neemeko zontlitheko ezibulalayo, kodwa hayi ukungqubana okuncinci.Kwacetyiswa ukuba ukwehla okukhulu kweengozi ezibulalayo nezimandundu xa kuthelekiswa nokuthotywa kancinci kwakungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezibane zasemini eziye zanyusa ukubonakala kwabasebenzisi bendlela xa kuza kwenzeka ingozi, nto leyo ebenze ukuba bophule ixesha elide kwaye banciphise isantya sempembelelo [ 46].Kwacaca ukuba ukuhla kongquzulwano olubulalayo yayibubungqina bokwenyani, njengoko izinga lehlile ukusuka kumndilili wonyaka omalunga nama-40 ukuya kuma-24 kuphela emva konyaka wokuthotyelwa komthetho.
Ungquzulwano lwasemini eNtshona Ostreliya ingakumbi kwisithuthuthu ukususela ngo-1989 ukuya ku-1994 lwaphononongwa nguRosman noRyan [47].Umgaqo woYilo wase-Australia (ADR 19/01) waqala ukusebenza ngo-1992, apho zonke izithuthuthu ezitsha kufuneka zilungiswe nezibane ezizilayita ngokuzenzekelayo xa kusetyenziswa isithuthuthu.Kukho iintlobo ezine zokungqubana eziye zaqwalaselwa: intloko phezu, swayipha ecaleni kwicala elichaseneyo, i-engile ekunene ngqo kunye ne-engile yasekunene engathanga ngqo.Ukuhla okuncinci kwabonwa kwiingozi zemini phakathi kweemoto kunye nezithuthuthu;nangona kunjalo, yayingabalulekanga ngokwezibalo.Oku kungenxa yobungakanani besampulu encinci yezithuthuthu ezitsha kulo lonke ixesha lophando, kunye nokunyuka okubanzi kokusetyenziswa kwezibane zasemini ngokuzithandela phakathi kwabakhweli bezithuthuthu.
Ngokusebenzisa idatha ye-NSW evela kwi-Database ye-Australian Fatality Database ukusuka kwi-1992 ukuya kwi-1995, uhlalutyo olufanayo lwenziwa ngu-Attewell [48].U-Attewell akazange ahlule phakathi kongquzulwano olunxulumene nokubonwa kunye nabanye, kodwa wenze uthelekiso nje lwamanani okungqubana kwesithuthuthu esinye kunye neengozi zemoto-isithuthuthu ezibangele ukwenzakala okanye ukufa kwabakhweli bezithuthuthu ezithe zaqala okanye zadlula umhla wokuphunyezwa kweOstreliya. Umgaqo woYilo (ADR 19/01).Ukuhla nge-2% kumlinganiselo weengozi zeenqwelo-mafutha kuzo zonke iingozi zontlitheko ezikumgangatho owahlukileyo wobuqatha bubonise ukuba i-ADR ineempembelelo ezininzi.Impembelelo yayinkulu kwiingozi ezibulalayo;nangona kunjalo, oku kuphela malunga neengozi ezibulalayo ezili-16 kunye nomatshini we-ADR obandakanyekayo.Sele iyiminyaka eliqela ukuba amazwe amaninzi e-US anyanzelise imithetho yokuba isithuthuthu sisebenzise izibane ngexesha lasemini.I-California iphumeze umthetho othi zonke izithuthuthu ziqinisekise izibane ezihamba phambili ezilayita rhoqo emva kokuba injini ilayitiwe ukususela ngo-1972. Kuphela ngo-1978 ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwasebenza.Iimpembelelo zokukhula kokusetyenziswa kwezibane zentloko ngaphambi nasemva kokuphunyezwa komthetho waseCalifornian waphononongwa [49].Umlinganiselo ongaqhelekanga wokufa wamiselwa minyaka le ukusuka ku-1976 ukuya ku-1981. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kubekho pateni ibalulekileyo efunyenweyo, apho u-Muller [49] kolunye uphononongo wavavanya umthetho wesithuthuthu DRL e-California ebethembisa ekunciphiseni inani leengozi zemini.Isiphumo sifumene ukuhla okuncinci kwinani leengozi zezithuthi ezininzi.Izibane zazo zonke iimoto kunye nezithuthuthu kufuneka zilayite ngexesha lasemini eFinland naseSweden.URumar [50] wenze uphando lovavanyo lweDRL eSweden.Uphando lwakhe lubonise ukuba ukusebenzisa isibane esisezantsi ngexesha lasemini kuya kunciphisa inani leengozi.Kubekho ukuhla kweengozi ezininzi zezithuthi ngexesha lasemini ngama-32% kunye ne-4% ebusuku.Olu phononongo luchaphazele utshintsho lwemithetho eSweden nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.
Ngokusekwe kwizifundo ezibini eMalaysia ukuhlalutya kwangaphambili impembelelo yexesha elifutshane yee-DRL zesithuthuthu, uRadin Umar et al., [51] ufumanise ukuhla okukhulu apho kukho iingozi ezininzi zesithuthuthu.Ngapha koko, kwakwezi ndawo zovavanyo iingozi ezinxulumene nokubonwa phakathi kwezithuthuthu zahlalutywa [51].Imodeli yeRadin ibonise ukuba isithuthuthu i-DRL ikwazile ukunciphisa ukungqubana kwezithuthuthu malunga ne-29%.
Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Ingxoxo
Abaqhubi bezithuthuthu batyekele kwiingozi.Ngenxa yokunqongophala kokhuseleko, iingozi zesithuthuthu zibangela ukwenzakala okukhulu kanye xa kungqubana.Ukongezelela, ekubeni amaxhoba amaninzi ingabantu abaselula, ezi ngozi zidla ngokubangela izinga eliphezulu lokufa kunye neendleko eziphezulu zentlalo-ntle kwabo benzakele kakhulu.Yiyo loo nto ukuhla okuphakathi kwenani leengozi kuya kubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kumaxhoba anokubakho kunye nempilo-ntle yezoqoqosho kuluntu.
Umngcipheko omkhulu wokungqubana kwesithuthuthu uhlala unxulunyaniswa nezinga eliphantsi lokubonwa kwesithuthuthu.Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko enkulu yokunxibelelana malunga nomba onxulumene nokubonwa kuluntu lwabakhweli bezithuthuthu ukucenga abaqhubi bezithuthi ukuba balumke kwizithuthuthu ezifikayo.Ukutshintsha izibane zesithuthuthu kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba kuya kwahluka kwimvelaphi, nangona izinga lokukhanya liphantsi.Oku kuya kuphucula ithuba lokubona oko kuxhomekeke kwiipropati zenkqubo yokubonwayo, kwaye kuya kugcina njengoncedo lokubonakala olusebenzayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.Ngokwethiyori, i-DRL yimowudi yokubuyekeza kokubini okulindelweyo okuphantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi ekujoliswe kulo.Ii-DRL ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuzisa ulwahlulo olomeleleyo olubonwa ngasemva.
Olu phononongo lushwankathela ukuba iiDRL zezithuthuthu ziyasebenza ekunciphiseni iingozi zezithuthuthu.Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa ukuphumeza ii-DRL zesithuthuthu kuwo omabini amazwe asakhasayo naphuhlileyo kusenzeka nangona zisebenza kakuhle.Olu hlaziyo lukwabonisa ukuba iiDRL zesithuthuthu azinyusi nje ukubonakala kwesithuthuthu, kodwa zikwanika neempembelelo ezintle kwixesha lokuphendula labanye abaqhubi.Ke ngoko, eOstriya, eJamani, eBelgium, eFransi, ePortugal nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi, kunyanzelekile ukuba ukhanyise izibane zesithuthuthu emini.Ngenxa yeempembelelo ezintle ekwandiseni ukubonakala kwabanye abasebenzisi bendlela, iDRL yenziwa isinyanzelo kubaqhubi beemoto kumazwe athile.Olu phononongo luyingqokelela yobungqina obukhoyo obukhoyo bokuba isithuthuthu iDRL sinokuthintela iingozi zesithuthuthu.Uvavanyo oluthembekileyo ekusebenzeni kwesithuthuthu i-DRL luya kunceda kuphando lokhuseleko ezindleleni, ngakumbi malunga nokubanakho kweendleko ukunyanzelisa umthetho we-DRL kunye nokunyanzeliswa kumazwe apho izinga lokufa kwezithuthuthu liphezulu.Eli phepha ligqibe kwelokuba iiDRL zezithuthuthu zilawula ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungqubana malunga ne-4 ukuya kwi-20%.Uphononongo lukwaxhasa uluvo lokuba ii-DRL zezithuthuthu kufuneka zikhuthazwe kwihlabathi jikelele ukomeleza ukhuseleko lwabakhweli bazo.
Ukungqubana kwemidla: Akukho nanye ibhengeziweyo.
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Iimodeli zereferensi yakho:
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/motorcycle-front-light-lte2115.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/lte2125-motorcycle-rear-light.html
https://www.senkencorp.com/police-motorcycle-warning-equipments/led-rear-warning-light-of-motorcycle-with-a.html
ividiyo yereferensi yakho:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6tuL8w9jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUJD2kzVXMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruYuqTdOzig
Amanqaku avela kwiBulletin yeIxesha likaxakeka& Trauma zinikezelwa apha ngoncedo lweZiko loPhando lweTrauma yeYunivesithi yaseShiraz yaseIiNzululwazi zezoNyango