Izimpawu Zesexwayiso Zezimoto Zamaphoyisa—Indlela Entsha Eya Esikhundleni Sokuphepha
Izimpawu Zesexwayiso Zezimoto Zamaphoyisa—Indlela Emisha Yokuvikeleka Kwesikhulu
Kube nezingxoxo eziningi eminyakeni yamuva nje mayelana nokwenza ngcono ukuphepha kwezimoto zamaphoyisa, kokubili ngenkathi zisebenza noma ngenkathi zimile noma zingenzi lutho, kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala okuhlobene nokonakaliswa kwempahla.Ukuphambana kwemigwaqo kuvame ukugxila kulezi zingxoxo, ezithathwa abanye njengezindawo eziyingozi eziyinhloko zezimoto zokugcinwa komthetho (futhi, ngempela, izindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu ezimotweni eziningi).Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi izinyathelo ziyathathwa ukunciphisa lezi zingozi.Ezingeni lokuphatha, kunezinqubomgomo nezinqubo ezithile ezingafakwa.Isibonelo, inqubomgomo edinga ukuthi izimoto eziphuthumayo zime ngokuphelele emalambuni abomvu ngenkathi ziphendula futhi iqhubeke kuphela uma isikhulu sinesiqinisekiso esibonakalayo sokuthi umgwaqo ucacile unganciphisa ukuphahlazeka ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo.Ezinye izinqubomgomo zingase zidinge inhlabamkhosi ezwakalayo noma nini lapho imoto ihamba futhi izibani zayo ezixwayisayo ziyasebenza ukuze zixwayise ezinye izimoto ukuthi zihambe.Ohlangothini lokukhiqiza uhlelo lokuxwayisa, ubuchwepheshe be-LED buthuthukiswa ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, kusukela ku-diode ekhiqiza izingxenye ezisebenza kahle nezikhanyayo, kubakhiqizi bokukhanya okuyisixwayiso abakha imiklamo ephakeme yokubonisa kanye ne-optic.Umphumela ubujamo obulula be-beam, amaphethini, nokuqina imboni engakaze ikubone ngaphambilini.Abakhiqizi bezimoto zamaphoyisa kanye nama-upfitters nabo bayabandakanyeka emizamweni yezokuphepha, ngobuchule babeka amalambu axwayisayo ezindaweni ezibucayi emotweni.Nakuba kunesikhala esengeziwe sokwenza ngcono ukuze kwenziwe ukukhathazeka ngokuphambana kwemigwaqo kunyamalale ngokuphelele, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bamanje nezinqubo zinikeza izindlela zokwenza ukuphambana kwemigwaqo kuphephe ngokunengqondo ezimotweni zamaphoyisa nezinye izimoto abahlangabezana nazo emgwaqeni.
Ngokusho kukaLieutenant Joseph Phelps waseRocky Hill, Connecticut, Umnyango Wamaphoyisa (RHPD) ngesikhathi sokushintsha okujwayelekile kwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, isikhathi esichithwa kuphendulwa izimo eziphuthumayo futhi sidlula ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezinezibani nezinsimbi zokukhala ezisebenzayo singase sibe yingxenye nje yesikhathi esiphelele sokushintsha. .Ngokwesibonelo, ulinganisela ukuthi kuthatha cishe imizuzwana emihlanu kusukela ngesikhathi umshayeli engena endaweni eyingozi yempambanomgwaqo kuze kube yilapho ekhona.E-Rocky Hill, indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-14 e-Hartford, e-Connecticut, cishe kunezimpambanomgwaqo ezinkulu ezinhlanu ngaphakathi kwesifunda sokuqapha esivamile.Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphoyisa lizoba nemoto yalo endaweni eyingozi cishe imizuzwana engama-25 ngocingo olujwayelekile—ngaphansi uma umzila wokuphendula ungadingi ukudlula kuwo wonke.Imoto egadayo kulo mphakathi ngokuvamile iphendula izingcingo ezimbili noma ezintathu eziphuthumayo (“ezishisayo”) ishifu ngayinye.Ukuphindaphinda lezi zibalo kunikeza i-RHPD umbono olinganiselwe wokuthi singakanani isikhathi esichithwa yisikhulu ngasinye sidlula ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo phakathi neshifu ngayinye.Kulokhu, cishe umzuzu owodwa, nemizuzwana engu-15 ishifu ngalinye—ngamanye amazwi, phakathi nokubili kweshumi kwephesenti elilodwa lokushintsha imoto egadayo ingaphakathi kwale ndawo eyingozi.1
Izingozi Zendawo Yengozi
Nokho, kunenye indawo eyingozi eqala ukunakwa.Yisikhathi imoto esisebenzisayo ima esiminyaminya futhi amalambu ayo axwayisayo ayasebenza.Izingozi nezingozi kule ndawo zibonakala zikhula, ikakhulukazi ebusuku.Isibonelo, Umfanekiso 1 uthathwe kuvidiyo yekhamera yomgwaqo onguthelawayeka evela e-Indiana, ngoFebruwari 5, 2017. Isithombe sibonisa isigameko ku-I-65 e-Indianapolis esihlanganisa imoto yesevisi ehlombe, izinsiza zokuhlenga umlilo kumzila wesi-3, kanye imoto yamaphoyisa evimbe umzila 2. Ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi isigameko siyini, izimoto zezimo eziphuthumayo zibonakala zivimba isiminyaminya, kuyilapho zigcine indawo yesigameko iphephile.Amalambu ezimo eziphuthumayo ayasebenza, axwayisa abashayeli bezimoto abasondelayo ngale ngozi—kungase kungabi khona inqubo eyengeziwe engase ibekwe engase yehlise izingozi zokushayisana.Noma kunjalo, imizuzwana kamuva, imoto yamaphoyisa ishayiswe umshayeli okhubazekile (Umfanekiso 2).
Umfanekiso 1
Umfanekiso 2
Nakuba ukuphahlazeka okusemfanekisweni wesi-2 kuwumphumela wokushayela kabi, bekungabangelwa kalula ukushayela okuphazamisekile, isimo esikhulayo kule nkathi yamadivaysi eselula nemiyalezo yombhalo.Nokho, ngaphezu kwalezo zingozi, ingabe ubuchwepheshe bamalambu ayisixwayiso obuthuthukayo bungaba nomthelela ekwandeni kwezingozi zokushayisana nezimoto zamaphoyisa ebusuku?Ngokomlando, inkolelo bekungukuthi izibani eziningi, ukukhanya okukhazimulayo, nokuqina kudale isignali esibonakalayo esexwayiso esingcono, esinganciphisa isenzeko sokushayisana kwengemuva.
Ukubuyela e-Rocky Hill, e-Connecticut, isilinganiso sokuma kwethrafikhi kulowo mphakathi sithatha imizuzu engu-16, futhi iphoyisa lingase limise izitobhi ezine noma ezinhlanu ngesikhathi sokushintsha okumaphakathi.Uma ingezwe emizuzwini engu-37 isikhulu se-RHPD esivame ukuyichitha ezindaweni zezingozi ishifu ngayinye, kulokhu eceleni komgwaqo noma endaweni eyingozi yomgwaqo ifika emahoreni amabili noma amaphesenti angu-24 engqikithi yamahora ayisishiyagalombili—isikhathi esiningi kakhulu kunesichithwa amaphoyisa ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. .2 Lesi samba sesikhathi asikunaki ukwakhiwa kanye nemininingwane ehlobene engase iholele ezikhathini ezinde nakakhulu kule ndawo yesibili eyingozi yemoto.Naphezu kwenkulumo mayelana nezimpambanomgwaqo, izitobhi zethrafikhi nezigcawu zezingozi zingase zilethe ubungozi obukhulu nakakhulu.
Isifundo: Amaphoyisa Esifundazwe saseMassachusetts
Ehlobo lika-2010, Amaphoyisa Esifunda SaseMassachusetts (MSP) abe nengqikithi yokushayisana kwasemuva okuyisishiyagalombili okubandakanya izimoto zamaphoyisa.Omunye wabulala, wabulala uMSP uSergeant Doug Weddleton.Ngenxa yalokhu, i-MSP yaqala ucwaningo ukuze ithole ukuthi yini engase ibangele ukwanda kwesibalo sokushayisana kwezimoto zokuqapha ezimiswe emgwaqeni.Ithimba lahlanganiswa nguSayitsheni wangaleso sikhathi u-Mark Caron kanye nomphathi wemikhumbi wamanje, uSergeant Karl Brenner ohlanganisa abasebenzi be-MSP, izakhamuzi, abamele abakhiqizi, nonjiniyela.Ithimba lasebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuze lithole imiphumela yezibani ezixwayisayo kubashayeli bezimoto abasondelayo, kanye nemiphumela yethayipu eyengeziwe enamathiselwe ngemuva kwezimoto.Bacubungule ucwaningo lwangaphambilini obelukhombisa ukuthi abantu bavamise ukugqolozela amalambu akhanyayo nobekukhombisa ukuthi abashayeli abakhubazekile bajwayele ukushayela lapho bebheke khona.Ngaphezu kokubheka ucwaningo, benze ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo, okwenzeka enkundleni yezindiza evaliwe eMassachusetts.Izifundo zacelwa ukuba zihambe ngesivinini somgwaqo omkhulu futhi zisondele emotweni yamaphoyisa yokuhlola eyayidonswe eceleni “komgwaqo.”Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele umthelela wezimpawu eziyisixwayiso, ukuhlola kwakuhilela izimo zasemini nezasebusuku.Eningini labashayeli ababehililekile, ukuqina kwezibani ezixwayisayo ebusuku kubonakala kuphazamisa kakhulu.Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa ngokucacile izinselelo zokuqina amaphethini okukhanya okuxwayisa okugqamile angase abe khona kubashayeli abasondelayo.
Abanye abantu kwadingeka babheke eceleni lapho besondela emotweni, kuyilapho abanye bengakwazi ukususa amehlo abo ekubenyezeleni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, nokucwebezelayo.Kwasheshe kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukukhanya okuyisixwayiso kanye nezinga lokukhanyisa elifanele lapho uphendula ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo phakathi nosuku akulona izinga lokukhanya okufanayo nokuqina okufanele ngesikhathi imoto yamaphoyisa imiswa emgwaqeni omkhulu ebusuku."Bekudingeka behluke, futhi baqonde ngqo isimo," kusho uSgt.Brenner.3
Abaphathi bemikhumbi ye-MSP bahlole amaphethini amaningi ahlukene wefuleshi kusukela ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo, okukhanyayo ukuya kumaphethini ahamba kancane, avumelanisiwe kakhulu ngokuqina okuphansi.Bahambe baze basusa isici se-flash ngokuphelele futhi bahlole imibala yokukhanya engacwayizi.Okunye okubalulekile obekukhathaza wukunganciphisi ukukhanya kuze kugcine kungasabonakali kalula noma kwandiswe isikhathi esisithathayo uma sisondela kubashayeli ukuhlonza imoto yemoto.Bagcine sebezinzile ngephethini yokukhanya kwasebusuku okwakuyingxube phakathi kokukhanya okuzinzile kanye nesibani esiluhlaza esikhanyayo esivumelanisiwe.Izifundo ezihlolwayo zivumile ukuthi zikwazile ukuhlukanisa le phethini ye-hybrid flash ngokushesha futhi ukusuka ebangeni elifanayo nephethini ekhanyayo esheshayo, esebenzayo, kodwa ngaphandle kweziphazamiso ezibangelwe izibani ezikhanyayo ebusuku.Lena bekuyinguqulo i-MSP edingekayo ukuze isetshenziswe ezitobhini zasebusuku.Nokho, inselele elandelayo kwaba indlela yokufeza lokhu ngaphandle kokudinga okokufaka komshayeli.Lokhu bekubalulekile ngoba ukucindezela inkinobho ehlukile noma ukuvula iswishi ehlukile ngokusekelwe esikhathini sosuku nesimo esikhona kungathatha ukugxila kwesikhulu ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu zempendulo yokuphahlazeka noma ukuma kwethrafikhi.
I-MSP ihlangane nomhlinzeki wesibani esiphuthumayo ukuze bakhe izindlela zokukhanya eziyisixwayiso ezintathu zokusebenza eziyinhloko ezifakwe ohlelweni lwe-MSP ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlolwa okungokoqobo.Imodi yokuphendula entsha isebenzisa amaphethini ashintshashintshayo asuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla okukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe ngendlela engavumelanisiwe ngokuqina okugcwele.Imodi yokuphendula ihlelelwe ukuthi isebenze noma nini lapho izibani ezixwayisayo zisebenza futhi imoto isiphumile "epaki."Umgomo lapha uwukudala ukushuba okukhulu, umsebenzi, kanye nokunyakaza kwe-flash ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi imoto ibiza ilungelo lendlela endleleni eya esenzakalweni.Imodi yesibili yokusebenza imodi yepaki yasemini.Emini, lapho imoto ishintshwa ifakwe epaki, kuyilapho izibani ezixwayisayo zisasebenza, imodi yokusabela ishintsha ngokushesha ukuze ibe nokuqhunyiswa kwe-flash evumelaniswe ngokugcwele kuphethini ye-flash yohlobo lwangaphakathi/ngaphandle.Zonke izibani ezikhanyayo ezimhlophe zikhanseliwe, futhi ingemuva lei-lightbaribonisa ukukhanya okushintshanayo kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ushintsho olusuka ku-flash olushintshayo luye kolunye uhlobo lwe-in/out ludalwe ukuze luveze ngokucacile unqenqema lwemoto futhi ludale "ibhulokhi" elikhudlwana lokukhanya okukhanyayo.Uma usuka kude, futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezulu esingesihle, iphethini ye-flash yangaphakathi/ngaphandle yenza umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu ekuboniseni indawo yemoto emgwaqeni eya kubashayeli abasondelayo, kunokwenza amaphethini okukhanya ashintshanayo.4
Imodi yesithathu yokukhanya okuyisixwayiso ye-MSP imodi yepaki yasebusuku.Njengoba izibani eziyisixwayiso zisebenza futhi imoto ibekwe epaki ngenkathi ingaphansi kwezimo eziphansi zokukhanya ezingaphandle, iphethini ye-flash yasebusuku iyaboniswa.Izinga le-flash yazo zonke izibani eziyisixwayiso zepherimitha ephansi liyancipha libe ukukhanya okungu-60 ngomzuzu, futhi ukuqina kwazo kwehliswa kakhulu.Ii-lightbarizinguquko ezikhanyayo kuphethini ye-hybrid esanda kwakhiwa, ebizwa ngokuthi “Steady-Flash,” ekhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okunamandla aphansi nokucwayiza njalo emizuzwaneni emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3.Ngemuva kwe-i-lightbar, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu okusuka kumodi yepaki yasemini kushintshwa kube ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokwenhlaka ebusuku."Ekugcineni sesinayo indlela yohlelo lokuxwayisa oluyisa izimoto zethu ezingeni elisha lokuphepha," kusho uSgt.Brenner.Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-MSP inezimoto ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 emgwaqeni ezihlonyiswe ngezinhlelo zokukhanya ezisekelwe esimweni.Ngokusho kukaSgt.Brenner, izehlakalo zokushayisana kwezimoto zamaphoyisa ezimile zinciphe kakhulu.5
Izibani Ezithuthukisiwe Zesexwayiso Zokuphepha Kwesikhulu
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhanya obuyisixwayiso abuzange buyeke ukuqhubeka lapho uhlelo lwe-MSP selufakiwe.Izimpawu zezimoto (isb., igiya, izenzo zomshayeli, ukunyakaza) manje zisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinselele eziningi zezibani eziyisixwayiso, okuholela ekwenyukeni kokuphepha kwamaphoyisa.Isibonelo, kukhona amandla okusebenzisa isignali yesicabha somshayeli ukukhansela ukukhanya okuphuma ohlangothini lomshayelii-lightbarlapho umnyango uvuleka.Lokhu kwenza ukungena nokuphuma emotweni kukhululeke kakhudlwana futhi kunciphisa imiphumela yokungaboni ebusuku kwesikhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kwenzeka isikhulu kufanele sicashe ngemuva komnyango ovulekile, ukuphazamiseka kwesikhulu okubangelwa amalambu okukhanya okunamandla, kanye nokukhanya okuvumela ophethe ukuthi abone isikhulu manje akukho.Esinye isibonelo ukusebenzisa isignali yebhuleki yemoto ukulungisa ingemuvai-lightbarizibani ngesikhathi sokuphendula.Amaphoyisa abambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni izimoto eziningi ayazi ukuthi kunjani ukulandela imoto enamalambu anamandla futhi ungakwazi ukubona amabhuleki ngenxa yalokho.Kule modeli yamalambu axwayisayo, uma i-pedal icindezelwa, amalambu amabili ngemuvai-lightbarshintsha libe bomvu kancane, lifake amalambu amabhuleki.Izibani ezisele ezibheke ngemuva zingafiphaliswa kanyekanye noma zikhanselwe ngokuphelele ukuze kuthuthukiswe isignali yokubhuleka ebonakalayo.
Nokho, intuthuko inezinselele zayo.Enye yalezi zinselelo ukuthi amazinga embonini ahlulekile ukuhambisana nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe.Emkhankasweni wokukhanya oyisixwayiso kanye nenkundla ye-siren, kunezinhlangano ezine eziyinhloko ezakha amazinga okusebenza: i-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE);iFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS);I-Federal Specification ye-Star of Life Ambulance (KKK-A-1822);kanye neNational Fire Protection Administration (NFPA).Ngayinye yalezi zinhlangano inezimfuneko zayo njengoba ziphathelene nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa ezimotweni eziphuthumayo ezisabelayo.Zonke zinezidingo ezigxile ekuhlangabezaneni neleveli encane yokuphuma kokukhanya kwezibani eziphuthumayo ezibanizayo, okwakuwukhiye lapho izindinganiso zisungulwa okokuqala.Kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela amazinga okukhanya okuxwayisayo asebenzayo ngemithombo ye-halogen ne-strobe flash.Kodwa-ke, manje, isibani esincane esingu-5 intshi esivela kunoma yibaphi abakhiqizi besibani esiyisixwayiso singakhipha amandla afanayo nemoto yonke eminyakeni edlule.Uma ezingu-10 noma ezingu-20 zazo zibekwe emotweni yezimo eziphuthumayo epakwe ebusuku endleleni yomgwaqo, izibani kungenzeka ukuthi zidala isimo esingaphephile kakhulu kunesimo esifanayo nemithombo yokukhanya emidala, naphezu kokuthobela izindinganiso zokukhanyisa.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izindinganiso zidinga izinga eliphansi lokuqina.Phakathi nentambama enelanga elikhanyayo, izibani ezikhazimulayo ezikhanyayo cishe zifanelekile, kodwa ebusuku, ngamaleveli okukhanya okuzungezile aphansi, iphethini yokukhanya efanayo nokuqina kungase kungabi ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu noma okuphephe kakhulu.Okwamanje, azikho izidingo zokukhanya eziyisixwayiso ezivela kulezi zinhlangano ezicabangela ukukhanya kwe-ambient, kodwa izinga elishintshayo ngokusekelwe ekukhanyeni kwe-ambient nezinye izimo ekugcineni lingase linciphise lokhu kungqubuzana nokuphazamiseka okungemuva kuyo yonke ibhodi.
Isiphetho
Sihambe ibanga elide ngesikhathi esifushane, uma kuziwa ekuphepheni kwezimoto eziphuthumayo.Njengo-Sgt.UBrenner uthi,
Umsebenzi wamaphoyisa okuqapha kanye nabaphenduli bokuqala uyingozi ngokwemvelo futhi kufanele bazibeke engozini ngendlela evamile phakathi nohambo lwabo.Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela isikhulu ukuthi sigxilise ukunaka kwaso kusongo noma esimweni ngokufaka okuncane ezibanini eziphuthumayo.Lokhu kuvumela ubuchwepheshe ukuthi bube yingxenye yesixazululo esikhundleni sokwengeza ingozi.6
Ngeshwa, izikhungo eziningi zamaphoyisa nabaphathi bemikhumbi kungenzeka bangazi ukuthi sekunezindlela ezikhona zokulungisa ezinye zezingozi ezisele.Ezinye izinselelo zesistimu yokuxwayisa zisengalungiswa kalula ngobuchwepheshe besimanje—manje njengoba imoto ngokwayo ingase isetshenziselwe ukushintsha izici eziyisixwayiso ezibonwayo nezizwakalayo, amathuba awapheli.Iminyango eminingi ifaka izinhlelo zokuxwayisa eziguquguqukayo ezimotweni zayo, ikhombisa ngokuzenzakalelayo lokho okufanele isimo esinikeziwe.Umphumela uba izimoto eziphuthumayo eziphephile kanye nezingozi eziphansi zokulimala, ukufa, nokulimala kwempahla.
Umfanekiso 3
Amanothi:
1 Joseph Phelps (u-lieutenant, Rocky Hill, CT, Umnyango Wamaphoyisa), inhlolokhono, Januwari 25, 2018.
2 Phelps, inhlolokhono.
3 Karl Brenner (usayitsheni, Massachusetts State Police), inhlolokhono ngocingo, Januwari 30, 2018.
4 U-Eric Maurice (umphathi wezentengiso, i-Whelen Engineering Co.), inhlolokhono, Januwari 31, 2018.
5 Brenner, inhlolokhono.
6 Karl Brenner, i-imeyili, Januwari 2018.