Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhamera Agugile Umzimba Ekuqinisekiseni Ukuthotshelwa Kwemithetho
Ukusetshenziswa kweAmakhamera Agugile Umzimba in Wokukatelela ngomthetho
ABSTRACT
Umbono womphakathi ngokugcinwa komthetho usushintshile ezweni lonke.Ngezehlakalo zakamuva ezifana nokudutshulwa kukaMichael Brown, imikhuba yamaphoyisa manje iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano kazwelonke.Ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zamakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba kuhamba phambili kulezo zinkulumo-mpikiswano.Abaphathi bamaphoyisa bafuna izixazululo zokubuyisela ukwethenjwa komphakathi kanye nokudambisa ukungezwani emiphakathini yabo.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba kuzosiza ekufinyeleleni le migomo.Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe amakhamera omzimba kuthuthukisa ukungafihli kanye nokuziphendulela kwezikhulu, okunciphisa izikhalazo zezakhamizi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhulu.Ukwengeza, ubufakazi bevidiyo obuthathwe yilawa makhamera buzosiza ekwakheni amacala obugebengu aqinile.Kunobuhle nobubi bokusebenzisa uhlelo lwekhamera yomzimba, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzozuzisa kokubili ama-ejensi nomphakathi.Izinhlelo kufanele zenziwe kusetshenziswa inqubomgomo eqinile nehlelwe kahle.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera agqoke umzimba kufanele kusetshenziswe emisebenzini yokugcinwa komthetho.
ngakho-ke ikhamera yomzimba iwusizo kule ndawo, futhi i-SENKEN-ifektri yase-China igxile ekwenzeni ikhamera yomzimba.
Ukusebenza ngenani elibalulekile lekhamera yomzimba we-high-tech, ongumholi kule ndawo, enikeza umzimba emaphoyiseni aseChina, amaphoyisa ase-Europe kanye cishe nendoda yamaphoyisa emhlabeni wonke.ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe yenkampani bheka isixhumanisi esingezansi:
https://www.senken-international.com/
namakhamera amaningi omzimba abona isixhumanisi esingezansi:
https://www.senken-international.com/search.html
ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba eyengeziwe bheka ngezansi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMO_UP4LZBk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyfjQSH4rzQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKE6KGhMiDU&t=161s
ISINGENISO
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kuwokukatelela ngomthethobekuyinsika.Ubuchwepheshe buvumilewokukatelela ngomthethoama-ejensi ukuthi asebenze ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana nangempumelelo usuku nosuku.Umlando uyakufakazela lokhu ngokwethulwa kwezimoto, umsakazo, ikhompuyutha kanye nemishini yokuqopha alalelwayo/ebonwayo.Lokhu kungeminye yentuthuko embalwa ebe nomthelela omuhle kukhowokukatelela ngomthetho.Ubuchwepheshe buhlala buguquka, ngakho abomthetho bazoqhubeka nokushintsha.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera wevidiyo kungenye yentuthuko enkulu kakhulu yezobuchwepheshe esetshenziswa izinhlangano zamaphoyisa namuhla.Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambilini kwamakhamera evidiyo kwakuhlukaniselwe amayunithi akhethekile njengalaba, abaphenyi bezidakamizwa, amaqembu e-SWAT, namagumbi ezingxoxo asetshenziswa abaseshi.Abomthetho banamuhla bawabonile ngempela amandla okusetshenziswa kwamakhamera evidiyo, futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.Amakhamera amalambu abomvu asetshenziswa omasipala abaningi ukusiza ekwehliseni inani lokwephulwa kwemithetho ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezithile.Ama-drones asemoyeni afakwe amakhamera evidiyo asetshenziselwa ukusiza ngokusesha.Kodwa okungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwekhamera yevidiyo uhlelo lwevidiyo yemoto (ICVS).Iminyango eminingi ezweni lonke isebenzisa i-ICVS.Izinhlelo zamamodeli zakuqala zazisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-VHS.Lawa mayunithi abengasebenzi kahle kakhulu.Amaphoyisa athathe indawo yekhasethi ophikweni noma nini lapho ethwebula okuthile okunenani lobufakazi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusele isikhathi esingakanani kukhasethi.Amamodeli amasha afika nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.Lawa mayunithi abedijithali futhi esebenza kahle kakhulu.Idatha yagcinwa ku-hard drive.Ukuthola ividiyo edingekayo kulawa mayunithi kwakudingeka ukhiphe i-hard drive bese 2 ulande idatha edingekayo.Amamodeli amasha kakhulu manje awasebenzisi izandla.Idatha ithunyelwa ophikweni lwe-ICVS iye kuseva evikelekile emnyangweni wamaphoyisa nge-Bluetooth noma nge-WIFI.I-ICVS ivumele iminyango ukuthi ihlale ithobela imithetho yokucwasa ngokwebala.Kungumthombo omuhle ongawusebenzisa ekufakeni izikhalazo kubasebenzi.I-ICVS inemikhawulo yayo.Ithwebula kuphela okwenzekayo phambi kwemoto futhi imakrofoni inebanga elilinganiselwe.Lokhu kushoda okubili kwe-ICVS kanye nokungathenjwa okwandayo emaphoyiseni emiphakathini eminingi kwavula indlela yokwethulwa kwekhamera yesidumbu esigqokwe kwabomthetho.Amakhamera omzimba asetshenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu.Lawa makhamera avumela ukuthi wonke umuntu othintana naye aqoshwe.Ividiyo eqoqwe ngenkathi yesehlakalo endaweni yokuhlala iwubufakazi obusha nobubalulekile bokwakha amacala aqinile nokushushiswa okulandelayo.Ukungafihli kwesikhulu kanye nokuziphendulela kungenye inzuzo enkulu.Amaphoyisa ayazi kahle ikhamera esemzimbeni wawo azoqinisekisa ukuthi aziphatha ngendlela efanele.Lokhu-ke kuzonciphisa isibalo sezikhalazo kubasebenzi futhi kusize ekuxazululeni izikhalo ezingenangqondo ngesikhathi.Lezi zonke izizathu zokuthi kungani amakhamera omzimba kufanele asetshenziswe emisebenzini yanamuhla yokugcinwa komthetho
ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba eyengeziwe bheka ngezansi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMO_UP4LZBk
POSITION
Izikhungo zokugcinwa komthethoezweni lonke liyahlukahluka ngobukhulu kanye nezibalo zabantu bezindawo abazisebenzelayo ziyehluka kakhulu;nokho, bonke banezithiyo nezinkinga ezifanayo.Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kanye nokuziphendulela kwezikhulu yizici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu.Ukungaziphathi kahle kwezikhulu noma izinsolo zokungaziphathi kahle kungaletha ukusabalala kwezindaba okungekuhle, ukucutshungulwa komphakathi, kanye namacala e-ejensi.3 Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera e-video ngamaphoyisa onogada sekuneminyaka kukhona.Amakhamera asiza ngokusobala kwezikhulu kanye nokuziphendulela.Amakhamera agqokwe ngamaphoyisa asebeke lezi zindawo ezimbili kwelinye izinga.Izakhamizi kanye namaphoyisa bajwayele ukuziphatha ngendlela efanele, bazi ukuthi amakhamera akhona.ULovett wathola ukuthi uWilliam A. Farrar, oyiNhloko yoMnyango Wamaphoyisa aseRialto wathi: “Uma ubeka ikhamera ephoyiseni, bavame ukuziphatha kangcono... futhi uma isakhamuzi sazi ukuthi iphoyisa ligqoke ikhamera, kungenzeka ukuthi isakhamuzi izoziphatha kangcono kancane (njengoba kushiwo ku-White, 2014, p.11).U-Jay Stanley, umhlaziyi wenqubomgomo ophezulu we-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) uthe ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba "kunamandla okuba yisimo sokuwina" (Lopez, 2015, p. 4).Izikhalo zezakhamizi ngezikhulu yinto abaphathi okufanele babhekane nayo kaningi.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba kunganikeza ividiyo yezinsolo zokungaziphathi kahle futhi kusize ngokuthatha isinyathelo esifanele, uma sikhona.UJay Stanly weluleke ukuthi uSgt.URichard Royce, osebenza eMnyangweni Wamaphoyisa aseRialto wabelane ngale vidiyo ephuma kwikhamera yomzimba yamkhulula.Wathi “Ngincamela ukuba nenguqulo yami yaleso sigameko ithwebule ividiyo enencazelo ephezulu iphelele ngokombono wami, bese ngibheka izithombe zekhamera yomakhalekhukhwini wothile” (Abdollah, 2014, p.4).Ngokusho kweFusion Investigates, Fossi-Garcia, kanye noLieberman (2014), uMnyango Wamaphoyisa wase-Albuquerque wafaka izikhalazo zezakhamizi ezingama-598 esikhathini esiyiminyaka emithathu. .UMnyango Wamaphoyisa aseRialtoikhamera egqoke umzimbaucwaningo luthole ukwehla okungama-88% kwezikhalazo zezakhamizi kanye nokwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-60%.Iphinde yathola ukuthi amashifu angazange asebenzise amakhamera omzimba abenokuphinda kabili ukusetshenziswa kwezinombolo zamandla kunamashifu asebenzisa amakhamera ama-4 (White, 2014).UMnyango Wamaphoyisa eMesa wenze ucwaningo lwamakhamera agqokiswe umzimba kusetshenziswa amaphoyisa ayi-100, lapho angama-50 egqoke amakhamera kanti angama-50 awazange.Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zokuqala zocwaningo, izikhulu ezazigqoke amakhamera zazifake izikhalazo zezakhamuzi.Amaphoyisa angenawo amakhamera afake izikhalazo ezingu-23 (White, 2014).Ummeli Wesifunda SaseSalt Lake County u-Sam Gill uthe, “Iningi lamaphoyisa lenza umsebenzi walo ngenhlonipho, kodwa… 't”(Fusion Investigate, Fossi-Garcia, Lieberman, 2014, p.4).Ngemuva kokushona kukaMichael Brown no-Eric Gardner, kunenhlangano emelene namaphoyisa egcwele izwe lonke nokungathembani emphakathini wase-Afrika yaseMelika wonkana.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba kuyisinyathelo esiqonde endleleni efanele ukuze uphinde uthole lokho kuthenjwa.U-Santora (njengoba eshiwo ngu-White, 2014) wathola ukuthi uMnyango Wamaphoyisa aseNew York wawuyisihloko secala lombuso wohlelo oluyimpikiswano lwe-Stop, Question and Frisk (SQF) ngo-Agasti ka-2013. UShira Scheindlin wayala ukuthi kusetshenziswe amakhamera omzimba ezikhulu ezisebenza kulezo zindawo uhlelo olwalusetshenziswa kakhulu.Ithemba bekuwukwenza umnyango uhambisane nemithetho yokucwasa ngokwebala (White, 2014, p.12).Uhlangothi lwezokwahlulela lwezomthetho luhlomule ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhamera omzimba.Umsebenzi omkhulu wama-ejensi wokugcinwa komthetho ukuvikela kanye nokusebenzela imiphakathi yawo.Ingxenye yaleyo nkonzo ihlanganisa amacala obugebengu aqinile ukuze abashushisi bakwazi ukwahlulela ngempumelelo lawo macala.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba kuye kwavumela imibhalo ephelele yokuxhumana nezikhulu nomphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqizwa ubufakazi bevidiyo obengeziwe.NgokweNational Institute of Justice (2012), u-91% wabashushisi abahlanu abahlolwa bavuma ukuthi basebenzisa ubufakazi bevidiyo enkantolo.Kulabo, u-58% uchithe isikhathi esincane enkantolo.Ubufakazi bevidiyo obuthathwe kukhamera yomzimba buvumela amajaji ukuthi abone ukuziphatha kwangempela kommangalelwa hhayi ummangalelwa ogqoke kahle futhi ohlezi enkantolo (McFarlin, 2015).
ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba eyengeziwe bheka ngezansi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyfjQSH4rzQ
ISIKHUNDLA SOKUPHANA
Ukusetshenziswa kweikhamera egqoke umzimbaiza nezinye izithiyo.Izindleko zokusebenzisa amakhamera cishe zinkulu kakhulu.Kwanamuhlawokukatelela ngomthethoama-ejensi, amabhajethi aqinile futhi idola ngalinye libalwa.I-National Institute of Justice (2014) yenza inhlolovo yokumaketha yamamodeli angu-18 ahlukene amakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba.Amakhamera asukela ku-$119.95 kuye ku-$1,000.00.Izintengo zihluka kakhulu futhi ukukhetha imodeli kuzoncika ezidingweni ze-ejensi kanye nemali etholakalayo.Iminyango eminingi isebenza amahora ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12 ukuze kwandiswe abasebenzi.Isikhathi sokuqopha samayunithi ekhamera sisukela kumahora ayi-1.2 kuye kwayi-128 (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sobulungisa, 2014).Amayunithi athile azodinga ukuthi isofthiwe ithengwe ukuze isebenze.Amabhethri engeziwe namadokhi nawo azodingeka.Ngaphezu kwezindleko zamayunithi, kunesidingo sesikhala sokugcina semidiya eyengeziwe.Iminyango eminingi isivele isebenzisa i-ICVFuthi inokugcinwa kwemidiya yevidiyo ethathwe kulawo mayunithi.Amakhamera omzimbaizongeza kuleso sitoreji.UJay Stanley we-ACLU, uthole ukuthi kuzobiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-33 ukuthenga amakhamera omzimba awo wonke amaphoyisa eMnyangweni Wamaphoyisa weDolobha laseNew York.Uphinde wathola ngo-2013, idolobha laseNew York lakhokha u- $152 wezigidi ezimangalweni zokungaziphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa.Esebenzisa lezo zinombolo, u-Stanley uphakamisa ukuthi uma uhlelo lwamakhamera lunciphisa kuphela izimangalo zokungaziphathi kahle ngokunye, uhlelo lungazikhokhela lona (Lopez, 2015, p.5).I-6 Dees (2014) yenza izilinganiso zokuqala ngenani lemidiya yedijithali i-ejensi yamaphoyisa engama-50 ezoyikhiqiza isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Taser Axon.Le yunithi igcina amavidiyo ku-640X480 ividiyo graphics array (VGA).Amashifu amathathu angakhiqiza ividiyo engu-360GB ngosuku, okuhunyushwa kuma-terabytes ayishumi ngenyanga.Enye indlela yokunciphisa ezinye zezindleko zokugcina ukusebenzisa izinsiza zokulondoloza amafu.I-Amazon Web Service (AWS) ingenye yezinsizakalo ezinkulu zokugcina.Amabhizinisi amaningi amakhulu ngisho nohulumeni wobumbano basebenzisa i-AWS ukugcina (Dees, 2014).Inqubomgomo enemikhawulo encane yokuthi amakhamera kufanele asebenze nini iyisixazululo senani levidiyo egcinwayo.Iphrojekthi ye-Mesa yasebenzisa amakhamera angama-50 unyaka owodwa.Ingxenye yokuqala yonyaka, izikhulu zazisebenza ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo lapho bonke abathintwayo nomphakathi babezoqoshwa ngevidiyo.Amaphoyisa akhiqize, ngokwesilinganiso, amavidiyo ayi-2,327 ngenyanga.Ingxenye yesibili yonyaka, izikhulu zasebenzisa ukuqonda kwazo lapho zivula amakhamera.Lokhu kunciphise amavidiyo akhiqizwayo aba ngu-1,353 ngenyanga, ukwehla ngo-42% (Mhlophe,2014).Iminyango futhi kudingeka yenze ucwaningo ngamakhono eyunithi ngayinye yekhamera bese ithenga kuphela imodeli eyidingayo.Lokhu kuzokwehlisa inani eliyisisekelo leyunithi ngayinye.Iminyango ingafuna izimali zezibonelelo noma eminye imithombo yemali ukuze yenze lokhu kuthenga.UMongameli uBarack Obama wenze isiphakamiso seminyaka emithathu yesibonelelo sika-$263 million (Schlegel, 2014).Lokhu kuzovumela ama-ejensi amaningana ezweni lonke amandla okuthenga amakhamera.Enye indlela yokunciphisa izindleko kungaba ukufaka esikhundleni se-ICVS amakhamera agqokwe umzimba.Lokhu kuzokonga inani lamayunithi kanye nesitoreji semidiya eyengeziwe.Amakhamera omzimba anemikhawulo.Enye enkulu kunazo zonke indawo yomzimba engafakwa kuyo.Kumamodeli ayi-18 ahlolisisiwe, iningi lawo ligibela esifubeni noma ebhandeni lesi-7 lesiphathi (NIJ, 2014).Inkinga ngamakhamera afakwe esifubeni ukuthi ikhawulela ukubuka kwekhamera.Uma isikhulu sidubula isikhali saso, ikhamera ingase irekhode izingalo zesikhulu nje ngenxa yesimo somzimba (“10 Limitations,” 2014).Ikhamera isaqoqa ubufakazi obubalulekile, kodwa akusona isithombe esiphelele.Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakhamera ezingafakwa ekhanda lesikhulu.I-AXON Flexattaches kupheya yezibuko ezigqokwa amaphoyisa (NIJ, 2014).Ividiyo evela kulawa mayunithi ingaba ngaphezulu ngokombono wesikhulu futhi isize ekulahlekelweni kwezithombe ezibalulekile ezibangelwa izinkinga zokuma.Esinye isici esikhulu esibuyisela emuva kumakhamera omzimba ukuthi athembele kakhulu kuwo.Amakhameraziyithuluzi elihle lokusiza kunoma yiluphi uphenyo kodwa akufanele kuthenjelwe kulo kuphela.Amakhamera angakwazi noma angarekhodi yonke into iphoyisa elikubonayo esigamekweni esibucayi.Isibonelo, iphoyisa loMnyango Wamaphoyisa e-Oakland lijahe umsolwa, okwagcina ngokuthi iphoyisa lidubule labulala umsolwa.Iphoyisa libike ukuthi umsolwa ubenesibhamu.Iphoyisa beligqoke ikhamera ebekwe esifubeni.Idolobha lase-Oakland lisebenzise imali eningi ukuze uchwepheshe ahlole izithombe zekhamera yomzimba wephoyisa zesigameko.Ngenxa ye-engeli yekhamera, akubonwanga sibhamu esandleni somsolwa.Umnyango uthathe isinqumo sokuhoxisa leli phoyisa ngenxa yokusabela ngokweqile kulesi simo, kodwa iphoyisa labuye lahoxiswa icala.Isibhamu sitholakala otshanini endaweni yesigameko (Abdollah, 2014).Isifundo esisitholile wukuthi ikhamera ayizange iyibambe ngevidiyo akusho ukuthi akwenzekanga.Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kumakhamera nayo idinga ukucatshangelwa.Abomthetho basebenza amahora angu-24 ngosuku.Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi amaphoyisa azobe ethintana nabantu abathile ebusuku noma ezimeni eziphansi eziyi-8.Amamodeli amaningi wekhamera yomzimba anesethingi yemodi yasebusuku.Lesi silungiselelo, esihambisana nokulungiswa okuphezulu kwamakhamera, kuvumela ikhamera ukuthi ibone lokho iso lomuntu elingakwazi ebusuku noma ekukhanyeni okuphansi (“10 Limitations,” 2014).Isibonelo, isikhulu sikhuluma ngesihloko ebusuku futhi isihloko siphethe umakhalekhukhwini.Iphoyisa lingase lingakwazi ukukubona ngokucacile futhi likubone njengosongo.Izithombe zevidiyo zizokhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi umakhalekhukhwini.Leli qiniso lidinga ukucatshangelwa ngesikhathi sophenyo.Iqiniso ngesigameko akufanele lincike kuphela kulokho okuqoshwe yividiyo, lonke ulwazi olufana nofakazi, izitatimende zezikhulu, ama-forensics, kanye nezabantu kufanele konke kubhekwe ngesikhathi sophenyo (“10 Limitations,”2014).Izinkinga zobumfihlo enye inkinga esiye yavela obala.Ngokusho kwe-NIJ (Man Tech, 2014, 7), umthetho wenhlangano udinga iwaranti yokuthwebula izithombe noma ividiyo yabantu ezindaweni abalindele ubumfihlo.Futhi izifunda ezimbalwa zidinga ukuthi bobabili abathintekayo engxoxweni bavumelane ngokuqoshwa (White, 2014).Okwengeza ezindabeni zobumfihlo abantu abafaka ingubo yokulala becela irekhodi levidiyo etholwe amakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba.Indoda engaziwa, ehlala eSeattle, eWashington, ifake isicelo samarekhodi sayo yonke ividiyo ethathwe kumakhamera omzimba.Umlisa ube esebeka amavidiyo esiteshini se-YouTube esibizwa nge-Police VideoRequests.Le ndoda engaziwa iveze ukuthi inhloso yayo wukwenza abantu banakekele imfihlo yabo uma kubizwe amaphoyisa.Ucashunwe ethi, “Uma kungekho okunye, ngizama ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-ejensi asebenzise ubuchwepheshe umthetho ongabuphathi…” (Alexander, 2014, p.1).Izinkinga zobumfihlo zingagwenywa ngokuqalisa inqubomgomo eklanywe kahle kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu (White, 2014).
ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba eyengeziwe bheka ngezansi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKE6KGhMiDU&t=161s
ISINCOMO
Wokukatelela ngomthethoama-ejensi angabanye babathengi abakhulu bezobuchwepheshe, namakhamera wevidiyo aphezulu.Amakhamera asetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene futhi izinzuzo zidlula izinkinga.Ukusetshenziswa kweamakhamera agqoke umzimbaakufanele kube okuhlukile.Ukwethulwa kwamakhamera omzimba esikhungweni kufanele kwenziwe ngenqubomgomo eqinile nokuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu.Amakhamera asiza ngokuziphendulela kwezikhulu kanye nokwenza izinto obala, okuyizinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu zokuphatha kwamaphoyisa.Amaphoyisa nezakhamizi bobabili banomkhuba wokuziphatha ngendlela efanele bazi ukuthi kukhona ikhamera ekhona.Ividiyo ephuma kumakhamera omzimba izosiza ekuphenyweni kwezikhalazo zamaphoyisa kanye nokwakha amacala aqinile obugebengu ukuze ashushiswe kamuva.Izindleko zamakhamera omzimba zingaba umthwalo osindayo kuma-ejensi.Ama-ejensi amaningi kufanele asebenze ngesabelomali esincane futhi ukuthola imali yamakhamera kungaba inselele.Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukeneamamodeli amakhamera, ezihluka ngemali engenayo.Ama-ejensi kufanele acwaninge amakhono alawa mayunithi futhi akhethe imodeli esebenzela izidingo zomnyango.Okubiza kakhulu kungase kungabi okungcono kakhulu ejensi ethile.Usizo lwezezimali luyatholakala kulezo zikhungo ezingakwazi ukukhokhela amakhamera.Ukufaka isicelo sezibonelelo zikahulumeni kuwumthombo omuhle wemali futhi nezimali zokushaqa zingase zibe khona.Lezi zimali zingasetshenziswa ekuthengeni isitoreji semidiya esengeziwe.Amakhamera omzimba anemikhawulo kodwa asesengezo esibalulekile.Amakhamera angeke aqophe ngokucacile lokho isikhulu esikubukayo, ngenxa yendawo efakwe kuyo emzimbeni.Nokho, basanikeza ubufakazi bomsindo obungaba usizo.Kunamamodeli ambalwa wamakhamera ayi-10 avumela ukukhwezwa ekhanda.Lokhu kuzolungisa umkhawulo wokuma.Amavidiyo ekhamera yomzimba athembele kakhulu kuwo.Umphakathi namaphoyisa bobabili bavame ukugcizelela kakhulu abakubona kuvidiyo.Nakuba ividiyo ibalulekile, akufanele kube yiyona nto ecatshangwayo.Ubuchwepheshe bekhameralidlule ikhono leso lomuntu.Lokhu kuvame kakhulu phakathi nezimo zasebusuku noma zokukhanya okuphansi.Uphenyo oluhle olunzulu olucabangela ukuphelela kwesimo luwukwenza okungcono kakhulu.Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba kuphakamise ukukhathazeka ngobumfihlo.Imithetho yobumfihlo iyahluka ukusuka kwesinye nesifunda futhi iyindaba lapho umthetho okufanele uzwele.Imithetho emisha iyadingeka ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhululwa kwekhamera yomzimba, kodwa inqubomgomo ecwaningwe kahle nebhaliwe iyisixazululo okwamanje.Ikhamera yevidiyo nakanjani inendawo yokugcinwa komthetho.Ikhamera yomzimba, nakuba iphikisana, inenzuzo kwabesilisa nabesifazane abagqoka umfaniswano nsuku zonke.Izikhulu zingase zibe nokungabaza mayelana nokuqaliswa kohlelo lwekhamera yomzimba, kodwa lokhu kuzodlula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nolwazi.Lokhu bekuyiqiniso futhi ngenkathi kuqaliswa izinhlelo ze-ICVS.Ubuchwepheshe bungabiza kodwa imali ikhona yokuthi ama-ejensi athenge lawa makhamera.Ngaphambi kokwenza uhlelo olugqokwe ngomzimba, ama-ejensi kumele abe nomkhombandlela ocacile afuna ukuhamba nawo namakhamera enze ucwaningo.Luncane ucwaningo olukhona njengamanje, kodwa lokho akusona isizathu sokuthi iminyango ingazifundisi yona.Izinto ezimbili zokugcina inqubomgomo ebhalwe kahle iyadingeka futhi kufanele ilandelwe ngokuqeqeshwa.I-National Institute of Justice inezifanekiso zenqubomgomo ukuze zisetshenziswe noma ubani.Ngokusekelwe kulo lonke ulwazi, amakhamera agqoke umzimba kufanele asetshenziswe ekusebenzeni komthetho.
IZIKHOMBISI
Imikhawulo eyi-10 yamakhamera omzimba okudingeka uyazi ukuze uvikeleke.(2014, Septhemba 23).Kubuyiswe ku-https://policeone.com/police-products/bodycameras/articles/7580663-10-limitations-of-body-cams-you-need-to-know-foryour-protection Abdollah, T. (2014, March 15 ).Amaphoyisa esaba ukuthi amakhamera omzimba aphakamisa ukukhathazeka kobumfihlo Kutholwe ku-https://www.policeone.com/police-products/bodycameras/articles/6976369-Amaphoyisa-esaba-imizimba-amakhamera-phakamisa-ubumfihlo-ukukhathazeka u-Alexander, R. (2014, Disemba 7).Amakhamera wamaphoyisa aphakamisa udaba lwamalungelo, izikhulu zizama ukulinganisa ubumfihlo, ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi.Ukubuyekezwa komkhulumeli.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/dec/07/body-camera-use-abuts-privacyissues/ Dees, T. (2014, Disemba 3).Kungani i-bodycam ka-Obama ingeke isebenze.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/7921687-WhyObamas-bodycam-initiative-wont-work Fusion Investigates, Fossi-Garcia, C., & Lieberman, D. (2014, December18 ).Uphenyo lwamadolobha angu-5 kuthola amakhamera omzimba ngokuvamile asize amaphoyisa.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://fusion.net/story/31986/investigation-of-5-cities-finds-body-cameras-usuallyhelp-police Lopez, G. (2015, Januwari 13).Kungani amaphoyisa kufanele agqoke amakhamera omzimba-nokuthi kungani kungafanele agqoke.Vox.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.vox.com/2014/9/17/6113045/policeworn-body-cameras-explained 12 McFarlin, C. (2015, January 7).Amakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba: Izinzuzo nezindlela ezihamba phambili zamaphoyisa.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://inpublicsafety.com/2015/01/body-worn-camerasbenefits-and-best-practices-for-police National Institute of Justice.(2012).I-primer yamakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba umthetho wokugcinwa komthetho.Ibuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=261713 National Institute of Justice.(2014).Amakhamera agqokwe ngomzimba obulungisa bobugebengu:Inhlolovo yemakethe.Kubuyiswe ku-nicic.gov/library/028182 Schlegel, D. (2014, Disemba 15).Izinto ezi-3 ama-PD okufanele azazi ngohlelo luka-Obama lwekhamera yomzimba.Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.policeone.com/police-products/bodycameras/articles/7982969-3-things-PDs-should-know-about-Obamas-body-caminitiative White, MD (2014).Amakhamera agqokwe yiphoyisa: Ukuhlola ubufakazi.Kubuyiswe kusuka
isihloko sokuqala bheka isixhumanisi esingezansi:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=270041
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ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba eyengeziwe bheka isixhumanisi esingezansi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMO_UP4LZBk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyfjQSH4rzQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKE6KGhMiDU&t=161s